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So if it's not a cell that's going through division you can't use a retrovirus to express the protein.
如果细胞不在分裂阶段,你就不能用逆转录病毒来表达某个蛋白
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Essentially, what they are is it's a protein that spans the membrane of a cell.
本质上来说，它是一个横跨细胞膜的蛋白质。
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They're red because they contain a special protein called hemoglobin which is very concentrated inside the cell.
红细胞的红色源于,其内部一种叫做血红蛋白的特殊蛋白质,血红蛋白在细胞内的浓度很高
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All those things have to happen in an orderly fashion, in enough quantity in order for a particular cell to make a protein.
所有的步骤必须按部就班,保质保量地进行,让一个特定的细胞合成特定的蛋白质
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An alternate way is to go to the cell that's making the protein that you want.
另一种方法是,找到制造你想要的蛋白质的细胞
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You could imagine a protein that's existing inside a cell at some level of abundance.
想像一下,在细胞中有一种大量存在的蛋白
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The one that's on the top here is called ligand-gated ion channel and an ion channel is a protein that sits in the surface of a cell.
最上面的这个叫作配体门控离子通道,离子通道是一类位于细胞表面的蛋白
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For now, just picture it in this simple way as a molecule, usually a protein, that's embedded in the cell membrane and many receptors have a part of them that is extracellular.
现在,我只把这种分子图示出来,受体通常是一种蛋白质,它们镶嵌在细胞膜上,很多受体还有部分结构露在细胞外
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There are 100 of these molecules, when a receptor gets activated a kinase activity gets activated, the kinase acts on the protein, the protein gets switched on, something new starts to happen inside the cell.
有一百个这样的分子,当受体被激活,激酶被激活后,激酶作用于蛋白,使蛋白活化,细胞中就会发生一些新变化
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These are two examples I just gave you of introducing genes that affect the life of a cell, either by making it express a protein that it's not making properly that's important to its life, or by intentionally killing a cell by having it express a fatal gene.
刚才我所举两个例子,都只是影响单一细胞生命过程的,无论是使无法正常表达的重要蛋白,正常表达也好,或是有意地,导入致命的基因杀死细胞也好
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That's making the cell look foreign because some of that foreign protein is on the surface with MHC1.
这使得整个细胞亦被视为外源物,因为某些外源蛋白,和MHC1共同出现在细胞表面
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When the ligand is present it binds to the receptor outside the cell and it activates this G-protein.
当配体存在并与细胞表面的受体结合时,就会激活G蛋白
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If the messenger RNA for protein is not present in a cell, then that can't be translated, obviously, and the protein can't be made.
如果细胞中没有,用来合成蛋白质的mRNA,那就不能进行翻译,很明显,蛋白质也不能被合成
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The G-protein then goes on to create some other biochemical changes inside the cell.
然后G蛋白在细胞内,诱发其它的一些生化反应
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Well, that anti-sense strand is shown here as the red and the cell is naturally making the blue or sense strand of messenger RNA for a particular protein.
好的,反义链在这里以红色表示,细胞自身会造出合成某种,特定的蛋白质的蓝色RNA正义链
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We want not only for the cell to be able to synthesize the DNA, you want it to be able to express the protein off the DNA as well.
我们不仅希望细胞能复制DNA,还希望它能表达目标DNA所编码的蛋白
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And you could interfere with a translation by degrading messenger RNA, for example. If you had a way to specifically chew up all the RNA molecules that are responsible for making a particular protein, you could stop it from being expressed even though your cell is trying to make it.
而你就可以通过,降解其mRNA来进行干扰,再举个例子,如果你能把表达特定蛋白的RNA,统统揪出来捣毁的话,你也能阻止这段基因表达,哪怕是你的细胞在努力表达这段基因
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