If both these firms are producing bottled water and it's identical, then the goods themselves are substitutes.

如果两家公司生产同质的瓶装水,那么它们的产品是可以互相替代的

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

You could think of these as two companies producing bottled water and now we're going to get hundreds of letters saying not all bottled waters are the same, especially from Italians and the French, but never mind. Let's just pretend that they are.

把他们想象成两家瓶装水厂商吧,我估计我们会收到数百封信件,告诉我说不是所有瓶装水都是一样的,尤其是从意大利和法国寄过来的那些,无所谓了,就把它们想象成是同质的吧

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

So I'll be producing this stuff, this water at cost c and only getting p, which is not only less than c in return.

这就导致成本是c的瓶装水只能卖到p,这个价格都不能捞回本钱呢

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选