-
He started out by observing that all of us, all human beings are governed by two sovereign masters: pain and pleasure.
边沁通过观察得出，所有人类均受两大至高无上的因素所支配：,痛苦与快乐。
-
Why? Because there's more to life than just pleasure and the absence of pain, or so it seems to me.
为什么？因为生命不仅仅是,享受快乐，避免痛苦，我是这样认为。
-
For Bentham, all that matters, you'll remember, are the intensity and the duration of a pleasure or pain.
对边沁来说，要记住，真正重要的，是快乐或痛苦的强度和持续时间。
-
While other species," he notes, "may have voice, may have sounds and be able to distinguish pleasure and pain, Logos speech"--logos is his word for it.
他注明，“虽然其它动物也许能发声,也许有音调能区分出愉悦与痛苦，“辩论能力“或他所用的词汇。
-
Do you want to run away from pleasure-- run away from pain?
你想逃避愉悦吗？想逃避痛苦吗？
-
I'm inclined to think there's more to the best kind of life than just having pleasure and avoiding pain.
我倾向认为人生有比享受快乐,避免痛苦更好的东西。
-
But if the balance of pain over pleasure-- If there's more pain than pleasure so that the balance is negative, that's worse than zero.
如果痛苦减快乐-,如果痛苦多于快乐,那么结果就是负的，比零小。
-
Suppose we conjecture that the only thing intrinsically valuable is pleasure and the only thing intrinsically bad is pain.
假设我们推测出唯一,拥有固有价值的东西是快乐,唯一一样自身是坏的东西是痛苦。
-
And the yardstick that we're at least doing our best to apply is one of measuring up the pleasure and subtracting the pain.
我们尽最大努力去应用的标准,是汇总快乐，再减去痛苦。
-
Being well off is a matter of experiencing pleasure and avoiding or minimizing the experience of pain.
幸福就是体验快乐,避免或将痛苦体验最小化。
-
.. How valuable-- how well off you are, how valuable your life is, is a function of the contents, the pleasure and the pain.
生命的价值-,你有多幸福，你的生活有多少价值，是生活内容的函数，即快乐与痛苦的函数。
-
If the balance was negative, you're saying your future holds more pain overall than pleasure.
如果结果是负意味着,未来有更多痛苦，多于快乐。
-
Obviously, if the balance of pleasure over pain is positive, that's better than zero.
显然如果快乐减痛苦是正的，即比零大。
-
He meant by utility the balance of pleasure over pain, happiness over suffering.
他认为功利等于快乐减去痛苦，幸福减去苦难。
-
is more than the ability " simply to distinguish pleasure and pain."
不只是,能简单地区分出愉悦与痛苦的能力“
-
Most of us agree then, pleasure is intrinsically valuable; pain is intrinsically negative, unvaluable, has anti-value.
多数人都同意，快乐本身是好的;,痛苦本身是消极的，没有价值，有反价值。
-
Well, one natural suggestion is that pleasure is worth having for its own sake and pain is probably worth avoiding for its own sake.
一个很自然的提议是快乐,是因其自身品质而值得拥有,痛苦因其自身品质而值得避免。
-
It's a very tempting view to think, what makes life worth having and the only thing worth having for its own sake, is having pleasure and avoiding pain.
它也是一种很有诱惑力的观点，什么让生命值得拥有，而唯一,因其自身品质值得拥有的东西，就是享受快乐，避免痛苦。
-
Which of the various futures that are open to me are likely to give me the better life, leave me better off, measured in terms of pleasure or pain?
也就是向我敞开的各种未来,哪种能给我更好的生活，让我更幸福，用快乐和痛苦来衡量？
-
Because if you were dead, you'd have neither pleasure nor pain.
死了即不会感到快乐也不会感到痛苦。
-
It's not that I think pleasure isn't good and pain isn't bad.
我并非认为快乐是坏的，痛苦是好的。
-
What we are creating is a community of pleasure and pain.
我们在创建的,是一个苦乐并存的社群。
-
So pain's probably intrinsically bad; pleasure is intrinsically good.
所以痛苦的固有价值是坏的;,愉快的固有价值是好的。
-
Bentham arrives at this principle by the following line of reasoning: We're all governed by pain and pleasure, they are our sovereign masters, and so any moral system has to take account of them.
边沁是这样论证这一原则的：,我们都受到痛苦和快乐的支配，苦乐是我们至高无上的主宰，因此任何道德体系都应考虑到它们。
-
suppose we make for, the moment, the bold conjecture, the philosophical claim, that not only is pleasure and the absence of pain, not only is pleasure one good thing and pain one bad thing.
假设此刻我们做出大胆猜测，哲学声称，不仅只,快乐和没有痛苦，快乐不止是一样好的东西，痛苦不止是一样坏的东西。
-
We human beings like pleasure and dislike pain.
人的本性就是趋乐避苦的。
-
Which of these branches that are available to me, the branches of my life story, which is the one in which the future from here on out ?" holds more pleasure and holds less pain?"
我能得到哪些分支，我的人生故事的分支，从这里起步的哪一种未来,有更多快乐更少痛苦“
应用推荐