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That is, most processes that we're concerned with, they'll happen with something held constant like pressure or temperature or maybe volume.
这句话是说我们所关注的大部分过程，发生的时候都是保持某个量为常数,比如压强，温度或者体积。
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Now these quantities were useful because you could relate them. The slope of changes, with respect to volume or temperature of the energy with respect to quantities that you understood, that you could measure.
去得到这些量,这些量很有用，而且你们已经知道了，怎么把它们相互联系起来,像这种比例形式的量，能量比上温度或体,或其它你们懂的可以测量量。
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Well that process of control to maintain a constant environment inside our body, whether it's an environment of constant mass or constant composition, or constant temperature, is called homeostasis.
这个控制过程维持着,体内环境的恒定,不论是内环境中物质的量的稳定,或者成分的稳定,或温度的稳定,这种状态叫做内稳态
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Now, we saw before, or really I should say we accepted before, that for an ideal gas, u was a function of temperature only.
我们已经看到,或者说我们已经接受这样一个事实，即理想气体的内能只和温度有关。
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For instance, the pressure and the temperature, or the volume and the pressure.
比如压强和温度，或体积和压强。
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The whole thing's going to come to some new equilibrium temperature between the products and the oil or whatever's around it, and we're going to measure that.
生成物和周围的油或,别的什么东西之间,达到某种新的平衡态，我们要测量的就是这个。
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It's a state function, so we're at constant temperature and pressure, and now we want to consider some chemical change or a phase transition or you name it.
这就是态函数，我们处于恒定的温度和压强之下，然后考虑某些化学变化或者相变,或者你想考虑的东西。
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You need a substance and then that substance has to have a property that changes depending on the heat flow, i.e., depending on whether it's sensing that it's the same temperature or different temperature than something else.
你需要某种物质,它的某种性质,随着热量的流动而改变，也就是说,依赖于它是否感觉到它,与其他的物体处于相同的温度。
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So, you assign values to very specific states of matter and call those the reference points for your temperature. For instance, freezing of water or boiling of water, the standard ones.
那么你对物质的,某些特殊状态指定数值,把它们叫做你的温度的参考点,比如水的冰点或沸点,它们都是标准。
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All the energy that is inserted into this, which might be turbulence initially, becomes heat, or becomes -- it raises the temperature.
由振动引起的所有，进入系统的能量最后都变成了热，因此温度便升高了。
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Now to make that happen, it's not adiabatic, right. If I wanted to do that, I'd need a heating element or something to cool, so I could make that temperature change happen, right.
要实现这点，它就不会是绝热的，对吧，如果我想做到这点,我需要一个加热元件或什么制冷的东西,这样我才能让温度变化。
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T2 Is the temperature T2 in this process smaller or larger than if I were to do the process reversibly with the same endpoint pressure.
这里的末态温度,与经过可逆绝热过程,到达相同压强的末态温度相比哪个比较高呢？
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In general, temperature and volume or pressure.
一般来说写成了温度，体积和压强的函数。
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That's common sense. This is part of your DNA, And then their final product is an object, a b which ends up at a temperature or a warmness which is in between the hot and the cold.
这是常识，是你的一部分，它们的最终产物是一个物体，其温度或温暖程度,介于热与,冷之间。
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If I look at different points in my container during that path, I'm going to have to use a different value of pressure or different value of temperature That's not an equilibrium state, and that process turns out then to be an irreversible process.
如果我要研究在路径中容器里的,不同的点，我就得在容器里不同的点上使用,不同的压强值,或不同的温度值,实际上这不是个平衡态，这个过程是,不可逆过程。
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And then for some reason, that nobody understands, 16/15 he decided to multiply again by 16/15, and that's how we get 32 for freezing of water and 96 in his words for the temperature in the mouth or underneath armpit of a living man in good health.
然后，因为同样的原因，没人搞得明白，他决定再乘以，现在水的冰点变成了32度,而96度，拿他的话来说,是健康状况良好的人,口腔或腋窝的温度。
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But because in many cases we can reasonably either model or measure equations of state, collect data for a material for its temperature, pressure, volume relations, then in fact if we can relate all these quantities to those then in fact we really can calculate essentially all of the thermodynamics. For the material.
但是因为在很多情况下,我们能够合理的给出状态方程的模型,或者通过收集一个物质的，温度，压强和体积之间的关系,来测量其状态方程，所以实际上我们可以给出压强等物理量,和热力学势之间的关系,并计算出所有的热力学势，对于给定的物质。
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And if you go back into the 1800's when thermodynamics was starting, there were a zillion different temperatures scales Everybody had their own favorite temperature scale The one that we're most familiar with is the centigrade or Celsius scale where mercury was the substance, and the volume of mercury is the property.
如果你回头看看19世纪温度计,刚开始使用的时候，那时有不计其数的不同温标,每个人都有他们自己最喜欢的温标,我们最熟悉的是,摄氏温标，用水银,作为工作物质，水银的体积是所用的性质。
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Or in many kinds of gas refrigerators where you push a gas through a nozzle close to room temperature, what you find is that the gas coming out on the other side under lower pressure is cooler than the gas that went through on the other side.
或者在很多种压缩气体式冰箱中,你让气体通过接近室温的管口,你会发现从压力低的一边,出来的气体比通过,另一边的气体更冷,真正的冰箱实际上通过。
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So this isn't the most useful form that we can have, but what we'll see shortly is that from this, we can then derive further criteria for essentially any set of variables or any set of external constraints, like constant temperature or pressure or volume and so forth that we might set.
所以这不是我们所能得到的最有用的形式，但是我们会很快看到，我们能够进一步推导出包含任意变量,或者任意约束的自发过程判断标准，比如说恒定的温度，压强,体积或者其他我们能够给出的约束。
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It's just how much heat is involved when we change the temperature. Now, the products have some heat capacity associated with them right, it takes a certain amount of heat if we make their temperature change, to either put it in or take it away, depending on which direction the temperature is changing.
问题就是当我们改变温度时,有多少热量发生了转移,生成物具有一定的热容,如果我们改变,它们的温度，就要输入或,提取一定的热量,这取决于温度改变的方向。
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So we already know that. So now we can write CpdT or differential dH as Cp dT plus dH/dp, pdp constant temperature, dp.
我们已经知道了这个，所以我们现在,可以写出H的微分式：dH等于，加上恒温时的偏H偏。
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Now, before, of course, in the first part of the class u we started out looking at u H and then looking at H not as functions of S and V or S and p, but as functions of temperature, mostly.
现在，在本课的前一部分,我们首先讨论了,然后讨论了,这两个量并未写成S和V或者S和p的函数，而是写成了温度的函数。
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Or I could have a non-adiabatic, I could take the same temperature change, by taking a flame, or a heat source and heating up my substance. So, clearly q is going to depend on the path.
也能改变温度，绝热指的是没有热传递，在非绝热条件下，也同样可以升温,比如用火或者热源加热，这样，q也应当与路径有关。
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