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The idea of risk, that economic risks can be pooled, is an intuitive one that has occurred to people throughout history.
风险理论，即认为经济风险可以分摊，是历史过程中,人们逐渐发现的理论。
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The risk for that is you basically start to compete with every single one of your customers.
这样做的风险是,原来的客户都成了竞争对手。
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If the average age of death was something like forty-five, maybe a fifty-fifty chance of--high risk-- of one of the parents dying.
那么这个概率其实很低,不是吗,大概有高达50%的可能性,双亲中的一人会死去
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What this does, when you use relative risk you take some group of the population and you establish their risk as--at one.
当运用相对危险度这个概念时,要选定一个群组,并把这个群组的风险设为1
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But the servant who had been given only one talent hid the talent in the earth so as -- perfectly understandably ] - so as not to risk the only talent that he had been given.
但只得到一枚金币的仆人,把他的金币藏了起来--这可以理解,-为了不使这个他仅有的,金币丢了。
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The Hobbesian state was intended to secure the conditions of life, even a highly civilized and cultivated life but one calculated in terms of self-interest and risk avoidance.
霍布斯眼中的国家旨在,保护人民的生命财产安全,即使是那些虽开化有教养却是为一己私利的人,也应当受到国家的保护。
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Anytime there's a risk that hits one person or one country the financial markets would spread it out over everybody and it gets very small.
如果有风险袭击一个人或者一个国家,金融市场就会将风险分摊到所有人身上,风险就变得微乎其微。
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One of them was, would you buy insurance against such and such a risk?
其中一个问的是，你会通过购买保险来避险吗？
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Why would anyone ever risk one's life for ? one's country or a cause just to help other people, people that we don't know and probably will never know?
为什么人人都要为自己的国家或者,去救人的缘由而冒险，并且这个人我们不认识,可能永远也不会认识？
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But if one's concerned about risk for Diabetes, which many people are, or have a family history of that, this glycemic index approach is not a bad one to pay attention to.
但是对于那些在意糖尿病患病风险,或者有糖尿病家族病史的人来说,这个血糖指数方案是值得关注的
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So, the insurance company with one hundred policies would have still substantial risk.
所以签了100份保单的保险公司,仍然面临一定的风险
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Continuing on the risk theme, I mentioned one philosopher, Robert Owen.
现在继续风险的话题，刚才我提到一位哲学家，罗伯特·欧文。
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Finally, I just want to say, next lecture is January twenty-eighth and we're going to talk about portfolio diversification, which is one very important application of the fundamental principle of risk management, as applied to securities.
最后，我想说下一讲是在1月28日,到时我们会谈谈资产组合多样化，这是风险管理基本原则中,对证券投资来说，这是非常重要的一项应用。
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Is it because some people have a kind of built in sense of thumos, that wonderful Platonic term, pride, courage, love of risk that no society, ? not even a Hobbesian one, can do without?
是因为有一种,内在的激情，是柏拉图的术语，傲骄，勇敢，爱冒险，没有一个社会，甚至霍布斯的社会能没有这些？
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In Renaissance Italy they started writing insurance policies-- I read one of the insurance policies, it's in the Journal of Risk and Insurance-- and they translate a Renaissance insurance policy and it's very hard to understand what this policy was saying.
在文艺复兴时期的意大利,人们开始编写保单,我看过其中一份,刊登在《风险和保险杂志》上,他们翻译了一份文艺复兴时期的保单,但是很难理解那份保单到底想说什么
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You just say that arbitrarily this group, the reference group, let's say the group with the lowest weights, or the lowest cholesterol or anything, you say their risk is one, and then you look to see how everybody else's risk is compared to that.
可以随意地设定一个群组,作为参照组,我们可以假设是体重最低的一组,或者胆固醇水平最低的一组或者其他,将参照组的风险设为1,然后就可以比较参照组与其他组的风险
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