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This is a new concept, receptors don't have to be these molecules on cell surface, there can be receptors that exist in other places within the cell.
这是一个新概念,受体分子不一定只存在于细胞表面,它们也可以存在于细胞内其它地方
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stem cell research can go on without the ethical dilemma provided by killing embryos.
干细胞研究者可以免受由于杀死胚胎而带来的道德困境。
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In Week 3 you'll actually do some cell culture in the laboratory and look at cultured cells and learn how to manipulate, do some manipulations on cells and culture, and so on throughout the weeks.
第三周你们会在实验室里做一些细胞培养,看看培养基中的细胞都长什么样,了解细胞和培养基的有关操作,整个一周就做这些
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So, this is what goes on in an electrolysis cell, and it works thanks to input energy from a power supply shown here.
所以，这是在一个电化学电池中发生的，它是靠输入的能量工作的,从和这个类似的电源输出的能量。
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And we called him up on his cell phone and he said, " "Oh. I got on the highway and I drove to work."
我们打他手机，接通后他说，“哦，我上高速了，想着去上班呢“
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And I put this to Voytek, what dollar figure should be put on human life to decide whether to ban the use of cell phones?
我也问过佛伊泰克，在决定是否禁止使用手机这件事时,人命应该如何定价？
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And whenever it pulls on it and moves it to the right side you can actually see the flash of the ions entering the cell.
将它移到右边,你就能真切地看到,离子进入细胞的那一瞬间。
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We are on the cell phone, we are paying attention to other things.
可能边走边打电话,可能把注意力放在其他的事情上。
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There is nothing that it's like on the inside to be a cell phone.
手机的体内,是没有感觉的。
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So, we approached this machine here, the photograph is a little blurry, but it was very clear to us but if you zoom in on the screen and apologies for the reflections, again, this was just taken with my cell phone, you see what appear to be three huge buttons and at the top it said something like have a Charlie Card, which may very well apply to a lot of locals.
所以，我们走近这个机器，这个照片有点模糊，但对于我们来说是清楚地,如果我把它在屏幕上放大，我对这个影像感到抱歉,但是，这是用我的手机拍的,你们可以看到这里上面有三个很大的按钮,写了一些关于Charlie卡片的东西，对本地人来说是相当熟悉的。
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She's driving, and she's talking on the cell phone, and looking at the photographer.
她在开车，在用手机打电话，并且在看着摄影师。
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They might ingest extracellular antigen, presented pieces of it on their cell surface in the context of MHC-2.
它们可以吞噬胞外抗原,根据细胞表面的,主要组织相容性抗原-2
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Depending on which cell you are you would call one the 'receptor' and the other the 'ligand'.
这取决于你将哪种细胞上的分子,称为受体,哪种称为配体
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Because of that you can't count on molecules moving rapidly over the size of a cell that's ten to 30 Microns in diameter.
因此不要对生物大分子能在,直径十到三十微米的,细胞里高速穿行抱有任何指望
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We'll talk more about promoters as they go on, for now let's just assume that we have a promoter that works in this particular cell.
我们以后还会谈到更多有关启动子的知识,而现在就假设这个,特定的宿主细胞里有个启动子
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It's - this picture on the bottom shows the cell stuck to plastic.
如图所示,细胞紧紧地贴在塑料片上
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So, it doesn't need to bind to a receptor on the surface of the cell in order to work because the molecule can actually enter the cell directly.
所以无需与细胞表面受体相结合来起效,因为这些分子能直接进入细胞
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One that is shown on the left is cell transplantation.
左边显示的是细胞移植。
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Now, the other thing to keep in mind is that for any cell there's not just one receptor on the cell, there are thousands, or hundreds of thousands of receptors.
我们要记住的另一点是,在细胞表面,不仅仅只有一个受体,而是有成千上万甚至更多的受体分子
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It refers to usually 'receptors' that are fixed in a cell, on a cell membrane, and 'ligands' which are dispersed throughout the body and free to diffuse around, and occasionally will find the cell.
受体这个词通常代表了,固定于细胞表面的分子,而配体分散于体内各处,能够自由扩散,它们偶尔会与细胞邂逅
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One way that you could switch this on and off inside the cell is by taking off this phosphorous, proteins enzymes that do this opposite reaction, the opposite to kinases are called phosphokinases.
一种方法是通过去除磷酸基团,来改变细胞内蛋白的状态,催化添加磷酸基团,此逆反应的蛋白酶,能够催化逆反应的激酶叫做磷酸激酶
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On the side over here shows a cell membrane and so this is outside the cell above it, and this is inside the cell below, and this is the lipid bilayer that separates the outside of the cell from the inside of the cell.
这边这个表示细胞膜,它的上面代表细胞外部,下面代表细胞内部,这个是脂质双分子层,将细胞内外分开
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Out of all the genes that are on the human genome which fraction is this particular cell using, which fraction is it expressing determines what proteins are present in the cell, determines what work or what activities the cell can engage in.
人类基因组全部基因中的,特定细胞所表达的基因片段,细胞表达的是哪段基因,决定了细胞中存在什么样的蛋白,决定了细胞会有什么样的功能,或者参与何种生命活动
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