-
What's particularly interesting is you get this effect easily with undergraduates but you also get it with four-year-olds and with monkeys.
但这个实验有一个很有趣的地方,在本科生中做这个实验，很容易就得出这个结果,而在四岁小孩和猴子中，同样能得到这个结果。
-
Lots of 6-year olds, 9-year olds, 12 year-olds, a couple teenagers, and I do have 2 adult students.
很多六岁、九岁、十二岁的学生，几个青少年，我也有两个成人学生。
-
It violates gravity, but six-month-olds aren't smart enough to know that a block just stuck over here is also surprising.
因为它违背了地心引力,但六个月大的婴儿还是不够聪明,他们没能发觉突出的木块也是令人惊奇的
-
They did this in 1,800 elementary school children, so these are about eight year-olds.
于是科研人员给一千八百名,八岁左右的小学生分发疫苗
-
And then the next slide shows the average reported intake of ten year olds in the United States, and you can see the pie charts don't line up very well.
而下一张幻灯显示了,美国十岁孩子的平均摄入量,你可以看到这两张饼图并不能很好地重合
-
And it was taken the lab of Donald Olding Hebb at McGill University by a couple of graduate students, post-doc of that time, James Olds and Peter Milner And what they've done?
地点是麦吉尔大学的唐纳德·赫布试验室,由当时的两名博士后研究生，詹姆斯·奥尔兹和皮特·米尔纳拍摄,他们做什么了？
-
Before six-month-olds, Piaget observed, you take an object the kid likes like a rattle, you hide it, you put it behind something, it's like it's gone.
皮亚杰发现,在六个月之前,你将婴儿喜欢的物体,比如说拨浪鼓,藏起来,隐藏在某物的后面,就像这东西消失了一样
-
And so, what we tested was nine-month-olds and twelve-month-olds, and we showed them movies.
被试是九个月大和十二个月大的婴儿,我们给他们看些影片
-
Typically--I don't know for those particular children, but typically on those tasks three-year-olds and young four-year-olds tend to fail, and around the age of four or five kids tend to succeed.
我不太了解那些特定儿童的情况,但一般来讲,三岁和刚进入四岁的儿童,通常会在这些任务中失败,而四岁或是五岁左右的儿童则通常会成功
-
four-year-olds and five-year-olds are able to pass this task.
四岁五岁大的儿童则能够通过这个任务
-
Ten-month-olds, for instance, give different sorts of smiles.
例如，10个月大的孩子，给出不同的微笑。
-
Twelve-month-olds will think that it should fall.
十二个月大的婴儿认为漂浮物会掉下来
-
You show this to three- and four-year-olds.
你把这个呈现给三四岁的儿童
-
And even six-month-olds are sensitive to these rudimentary facts of arithmetic, telling us something about their mathematical knowledge, but also telling us something about that they expect things to remain when they're out of sight.
即便六个月大的婴儿,对算术的基础知识已经相当敏感,向我们展示了婴儿所具有的数学知识,但也同时告诉了我们,婴儿在看不到物体时,仍然会认为物体依然存在
-
Three-year-olds find this difficult.
三岁大的儿童会觉得这个任务很难
-
Two-year-olds find this difficult.
两岁大的儿童会觉得这个任务很难
-
Six-month-olds don't, and even 12-month-olds don't find anything weird about this, while adults are sophisticated enough to understand that that's an unstable configuration and should fall over.
六个月大的婴儿则不会这么想,即使是十二个月大的婴儿,也没有发现这个木块存在的异常,只有经历世事的成年人才会理解,这不是个稳定的结构,而这个结构是会倒塌的
-
and what we saw, just to cut to the data, is that when people anticipated making money we saw increased activation and the region not far from the region that Olds and Milner stimulated in 1954.
而我们所见的则转换成了数据，当人们预期会赚钱时,我们看见大脑活动的增加,而这块活动增加的区域,和奥兹和米尔纳在1954年试验时的大脑区域相隔不远。
-
Even six-month-olds find this surprising.
就算六个月大的婴儿也会对此感到惊奇
-
I don't think they were having very good success, but they did notice something interesting which is that the rat kept returning to the corner of the cage in which it was stimulated the day before So Olds got an interesting idea, he said, what if we let the rats stimulate in its own brain, what would happen.
他们的试验并不是非常成功，但他们确实是注意到了一些有趣的事情,老鼠总是会回到,昨天接受刺激的那个箱子的角落,因此奥兹产生了一个有趣的想法，他想，如果我们让老鼠在自己的脑中对自己进行刺激会，发生什么事情。
应用推荐