At the beginning of the nineteenth century, in 1800, paper was handmade out of cloth-- that's the way they made it.
在19世纪初叶,即1800年,当时的人用布料手工制纸。
What could possibly drive somebody to jump out of an airplane with nothing but a little piece of cloth between them and death?
是什么可能驱使某人跳下飞机,而他们与死亡之间只有一片小小的布?
So, practitioners who understood what we would know to be chemistry were highly valued in that society. And then, you may expand it to other chemical processes, dyeing of cloth, glassmaking, and metals extraction.
所以,理解我们所知为化学的,先行者们,在那个社会是,非常宝贵的,当时,你可能将其扩展到另一个化学过程,如布料的染色,玻璃的制造,还有金属提取。
They invented the paper machine so they could mass-produce paper-- it didn't have to be handmade anymore-- and they invented wood pulp paper so it didn't have to be made out of cloth anymore.
于是人们发明了造纸机从而可以大量生产纸-,而不再需要手工制作-,后来人们还发明了木浆纸,所以后来不再用布料来制纸。
They don't, out of whole cloth, get it right the first time.
他们并不是一次性就从整块布料中,把这个程序提取出来的。
The vast multitudes were still farmers, but they began to now buy goods, manufactured goods, readymade clothing and shoes, cloth, candles, soap, all kinds of foodstuffs.
他们中的大多数人仍是农民,但是他们开始购买商品,工业制成品,成衣和鞋,布料,蜡烛,肥皂,各种各类的食品
Now, admittedly they've got this little piece of cloth that gives them a decent chance of not killing themselves when they jump out of airplanes.
现在,必须承认他们有这么小小的一片布,给了他们一个当他们跳下飞机时,不会死的足够的可能性。
I made them up out of whole cloth.
我相当于把它们从一整块布料中剪裁来。
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