Eight features of literary modernism: An obsession with the idea of art's autonomy, the idea that art is its own law, that it responds to no other laws, that it has no other purpose than its own purposes.

第一，对艺术意志自由问题的困扰,对艺术是自身的法律，它不响应其他准则,它只有本身这唯一的目的，也就是说。

耶鲁公开课 - 1945年后的美国小说课程节选

We don't refer--we have no reason to refer, - if we respect the autonomy of the poem as such, we don't refer-- we don't appeal to an authorial intention.

我们不能，我是说如果我们尊重，诗歌的意志自由的话，我们不能也没有理由-,为诗歌加上作者的意图。

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选