Again, these plasmids occur naturally in nature; they were discovered particularly in micro-organisms have plasmids that confer biological properties onto them.

此外,质粒存在于自然界中,质粒是在微生物中发现的,它们也赋予了微生物一些生物学特性

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So, you're familiar with some of these bacteria like salmonella, or the micro bacterium that causes tuberculosis are shown here.

所以 你们很熟悉像沙门氏菌这样的细菌,或者像这儿的引起结核的小细菌

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The micronutrients, the vitamins part of the micro nutrients, would fall into several categories.

微量元素,微量元素之一的维生素,各自属于不同的分类

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You know, even some goes pass you on the street and you don't smile ostensibly you don't smile-- there are certain micro-muscles in your face that are moving that actually make you feel better.

即使路人与你擦身而过时，你没笑,表面上你没有笑-,但你面部的细微肌肉,会收缩，让你感觉更好。

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You take that plasmid; you put in the micro-organism you're going to make many,many copies of that plasmid.

你把一个质粒放进微生物体内,你就会得到,很多很多质粒的拷贝

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This restriction enzyme was found in a natural source, it was found in a micro-organism called E.coli.

这个限制性内切酶源于自然界,是从名为大肠杆菌的微生物中发现的

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Antibiotics are chemicals, usually small organic molecules that will kill micro-organisms like bacteria.

抗生素是一类化学物质,它们通常是小分子有机物,能够杀死细菌这样的微生物

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Then we'll talk about macro and micro nutrients.

还会谈到大量营养素及微量营养素

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If a cell has a gene that makes it resistant to Ampicillin, that means that that micro-organism can survive being exposed to this normally deadly chemical without dying.

如果细胞带有一种基因,能够让它对氨苄青霉素产生抗性,即使把它放在,有致死剂量化学物质的环境中,它也能存活下来

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So being a micro-organism that got a plasmid that give you resistance to an antibiotic would be a good thing - that gave you resistance to something that naturally killed cells like you in your environment would be a good thing.

假如一个微生物,因含有质粒而具有抗生素抗性,这实在是一桩美事--,在同样的环境下,普通细胞会被杀死,而你们这些具有抗性的细胞却安然无恙,这实在太棒了

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It's totally synthetic, there's no micro-organism involved in making the DNA for you, You can do it very rapidly in a laboratory, and fairly inexpensively now.

完全是复制的过程,没有任何微生物参与制造DNA,你可以在实验室里迅速地进行,费用现在也相当便宜了

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The promoter in this case is called the lac promoter and normally in micro-organisms that lac promoter is used to produce a gene called lacZ which makes a protein called beta-galactosidase.

在这个例子中的启动子称作lac启动子,通常在微生物中,lac启动子是用来生成,一段叫lacZ的基因,这段基因,能制造一种蛋白叫β-半乳糖苷酶

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