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We're going to talk about how they're prepared, but it's a preparation that is intended to stimulate your immune system.
我们会讲它们是如何做准备的,它通过刺激你的免疫系统来进行准备
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This is a way for the immune system to recognize things that are going wrong inside the cell protected from antibodies.
这是免疫系统识别,抗体不能识别的细胞内病变的方法
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Cultivating capacity is about creating a strong psychological immune system.
培养能力就是创造一个强大的,心理免疫系统。
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As a result, people invest in banks -the stock of banks -because they understand that these people have a long-term relationship with business and they are immune from the adverse selection.
结果呢,人们就会投资于银行,即购买银行的股票,因为他们知道,银行家和企业界保持着长期的关系,他们可以免受逆向选择之害
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So, the antigen we're thinking about is a vaccine particularly designed to elicit immune response against a pathogen.
我们现在考虑的这种抗原,是一种特别设计的疫苗,它能够诱发免疫效应以消灭病原体
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That can be a very strong amplifying response, and that happens in the immune system in many cases.
这可能会产生非常强的放大效应,这种效应在免疫系统中很常见
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This is a mode of communication that's used very frequently in the immune system as we'll see later.
这种通讯方式,在免疫系统中广泛使用,我们下面会讲
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Now, why do you need a cell mediated immune response if you have an antibody response?
为什么你还要有细胞免疫反应呢,你已经有抗体应答了啊
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And those words mean different things: immunogenic means that it stimulates your immune system for a response; pathogenic means that it causes a disease.
这两个词有不同的意义,免疫效应是指,刺激免疫系统产生免疫应答,致病性意指它能使你患病
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Learning how to turn on your immune system to protect you from a specific pathogen turns out to be very particular to that pathogen.
它发动你的免疫系统来保护你,免受某种病原体的侵袭,只是针对这种特定病原体
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That would be a subunit vaccine because I'm purifying a subunit of the virus that could be injected and hopefully induce an immune response.
那将会产生疫苗,因为我提取的是病毒的亚基,可以被注射并且有可能引发免疫应答
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What happens when we have a strong physical immune system?
如果我们有强大的生理免疫系统会怎样？
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This is commonly used in the immune system as well, but it's a way of amplifying a signal.
免疫系统也常使用这种方法,但这主要是一种放大信号的方式
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So, I have a bacteria infection, stimulates my immune system, I start making antibodies that bind to an antigen specific to that bacteria.
所以 如果我被细菌感染了,我的免疫系统被激活,开始制造抗体,这些抗体结合到细菌特异性的抗原上
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Other cells in the immune system recognizing that this is a foreign molecule, but is being presented in the context of a 'self' cell.
免疫系统中的其他一些细胞,识别到它是非己物质,但它已经被识别为己方细胞
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And so this slide just illustrates that in a simple way, the range of different kinds of organisms that your immune system is trying to--whoops!
这个幻灯片只是简要概括了,各种不同微生物的范围,你的免疫系统正在尝试,噢
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Then, your muscle cells would start producing Hepatitis B surface antigen and your immune system recognizing that's a foreign protein would start responding to it.
于是,肌肉细胞将会,开始制造乙肝表面抗原,然后免疫系统就会识别出,那是外来蛋白质并且产生免疫应答
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This will lead us into a discussion of sort of bioengineering of the immune system, in particular, and we're going to talk next week about vaccines.
我们会借此展开对,免疫系统的生物医学工程化的讨论,下周我们将讲到疫苗
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