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If we think about the size of a typical cell - excuse me, now I'm getting confused about nuclei.
它大约是10的,负十四次方米，如果我们考虑。
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But from what I know, generally the more religious groups tend to be opposed to stem cell research,
但是一般来说，就我所知越是反对干细胞研究的人，
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For example, if I isolated this one called the myeloid cell, it's capable of forming red blood cells, megakaryocytes and neutrophils.
比如,如果我分离出一个髓系细胞,它就能生成红细胞,巨核细胞和嗜中性粒细胞
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And we called him up on his cell phone and he said, " "Oh. I got on the highway and I drove to work."
我们打他手机，接通后他说，“哦，我上高速了，想着去上班呢“
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Another comparison for a meaningful drug screening essay, I would assume you would need 1 million cells that you could grow easily in a standard cell culture dish.
我们不妨再用一个,便于你理解的药物筛选试验来打个比方，假设正常情况下,一个标准细胞培养皿需要一百万个细胞。
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Well, I think that if the great majority of people try to derive maximum utility out of a service, like using cell phones and the convenience that cell phones provide, that sacrifice is necessary for satisfaction to occur.
我觉得如果绝大多数人想要,从某项服务中获得最大功利，比如使用手机，享受手机所带来的便利，那么为了满足需求，这种牺牲就是必要的。
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First, I lost my keys, I lost my cell phone, and my shoes broke.
一开始，我先是丢了钥匙，后来又丢了手机，我的鞋也坏了。
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And the nucleus name was used as an analogy to the nucleus of a cell so in some ways that makes it easier to see the connection but I think it can also be a little bit confusing for maybe 7th graders that are learning both at the same time, that this nucleus acts very different from a nucleus in a cell, although, of course, there many of them in the nucleus of a cell.
原子核这个名字的命名,是类似于细胞核,这样会让人们更容易看到两者之间的联系,但我觉得这样可能,会给正在学这两个课程的,7年级学生带来困惑，原子核的行为,和细胞核完全不同，虽然在细胞核。
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By cell/cell contact, I mean that there's a receptor in one cell that makes some kind of a chemical interaction with a receptor in another cell.
通过细胞之间的接触,我的意思是在一种细胞上的受体,能与另一细胞上的受体发生某种化学反应
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The other pathway that I think is very promising is now to use stem cell generated cells in culture dishes to use them for high throughput drug screening now we can test thousands of different drugs without killing so many animals.
第二个目标的前景相当广阔,我们可以用干细胞,在培养皿中大量繁殖各种细胞,用于大剂量的药物试验,让你无需屠戮动物,就能进行各种药物试验。
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Well, it was not very hard for me to draw this red blood cell here, it's just an oval, and one reason I draw it like an oval, is that that's basically what it looks like if you look at it.
我可以很容易的画出,一个血红细胞,就画个椭圆足矣,因为它看上去就是这个样子的
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I think most of you know something about the sort of architecture and normal structure of a cell and the components within it and the chapter, Chapter 5, has a good description of that for those of you want a refresher.
我想大部分同学都知道一些细胞的,结构组成和构成成分,想回顾一下的同学,可以看下第五章,描述的很详细
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What's the difference between this cell which I call a committed progenitor cell and its offspring, and the offspring of that offspring.
我所称的定向祖细胞,和它的子细胞之间,还有它子细胞的子细胞之间有什么区别呢
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For example, a gene that makes a cell cancerous, I'd like to stop it from being expressed.
举例来说,如果某段基因导致细胞癌变,我就希望阻止它表达
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I've already mentioned many times that the lipid bilayer, the cell membrane, isn't just a lipid bilayer.
我已经讲过很多遍这个脂质双分子层了,细胞膜它不只是一个脂质双分子层
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I just wanted to talk about one last concept and that has to do with cell proliferation.
我想说的最后一个概念,就是细胞增殖
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One of the purposes of cell culture is to make many, many more cells under controlled conditions where I can understand what those cells are.
细胞培养的一个目的就是,在可控的环境下生成许许多多的细胞,从而让我能够研究这些细胞
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When I talked about mitosis, I talked about cells making perfect copies of each other, so each parent cell becoming two daughter cells that are the same.
我讲有丝分裂的时候,谈到过细胞能够完美的复制自己,母细胞分裂成为,两个完全一样的子细胞
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So I can use the presence of those to identify cell populations.
因此我可以利用这些蛋白的存在与否,来识别细胞群
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Further down the line, for example, in the blastocyst I talked about before, we could obtain cells from this inner cell mass or this cluster of cells that becomes the embryo.
沿着这条线看,举个例子,就是我之前提到过的囊胚,我们可以取一些内细胞群的细胞,这种能成为胚胎的细胞群
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And this diagram shows what I simply labeled as a stem cell, so I'm not referring to any particular kind of stem cell now, but just a cell that has the stem cell character.
这张图示内容我就简单地标注为干细胞,现在我提到的干细胞不是特指哪种干细胞,而是指拥有干细胞特征的细胞
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This is a picture of patch clamp, it's a device that engineers built to fasten onto individual cells in order to look at how molecules in the membrane of the cell are working, and I'll talk a little bit about that as we go along.
这是膜片钳的图片,工程师使用该装置固定单个细胞,由此观察,细胞膜中的分子怎样活动,在以后的课中我还会谈到这方面内容
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Here, I've just picked a couple of the pictures that I showed you last time when we were talking about cell communication in the immune system, What happens after the vaccine is introduced into your body is that it initiates cellular events.
我挑选了,我上次给你们展示的几幅图片,当我们讨论到,免疫系统中的细胞沟通时,讲到过当人体接种疫苗之后,能够触发,细胞活动
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