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All right. So, let's pick up where we left off, first of all we're still on the hydrogen atom from Monday.
好，让我们从上次停下的地方讲起，我们还要讲周一讲的氢原子。
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One of the main difference is is that when you're talking about multi-electron orbitals, they're actually smaller than the corresponding orbital for the hydrogen atom.
其中最主要的区别之一,是当你讨论多电子轨道时,它们实际上，要比对应的氢原子轨道,要小一些。
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However, we're going to see that that's not the case for hydrogen and carbon.
但是我们发现,将其应用于C和H中。
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You take your room temperature liquid helium and you cool it with liquid nitrogen to 77 degrees Kelvin, the new, you're not quite there yet 77k unfortunately right? Then you take hydrogen you cool it would liquid nitrogen to 77, then you can use your hydrogen gas.
首先要有常温的氦气,拿液氮把它冷却到77k，那个新来的7,你不坐在那儿，对吧？,然后用液氮把氢气降温到,然后就可以使用这个氢气了，想要用氢气来做焦耳-汤姆孙实验。
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Also, when we're looking at the Schrodinger equation, it allows us to explain a stable hydrogen atom, which is something that classical mechanics did not allow us to do.
当我们看一个薛定谔方程的时候，它给出一个稳定的氢原子,这是在经典力学中做不到的。
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Here we're talking about a hydrogen atom and that's what we'll focus on today. And it's incredibly precise and we're able to make the predictions and match them with experiment.
是一个氢原子，我们今天都主要讨论它,它非常准确，我们可以做出,预测与实验比较，此外。
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So, you might have noticed that we will have spent about 6 and 1/2 lectures just getting to the point where we have only one electron, so we're only up hydrogen so far.
你们可能已经注意到了,我们已经花了６周半的时间,来仅仅是讲到单电子问题的情形，我们现在只研究氢原子。
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I heard some people say one, and that's a good guess, remember they're actually sharing. So these two electrons, they belong to chlorine, they also belong to hydrogen, but they do, in fact, belong to chlorine as well.
我听到有些人说的是一个，这是个很好的猜测，但要记得它们其实是被共用的，因此有两个电子，它们属于氯，同时也属于氢，但实际上它们也属于氯。
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So, what we say here is we need to take a step back here and come up with an approximation that's going to allow us to think about using the Schrodinger equation when we're not just talking about hydrogen or one electron, but when we have these multi-electron atoms.
所有我们这里要说的是,我们需要退回一步,做一个近似,那样可以使我们用,薛定谔方程来考虑,让我们不是仅仅在讨论氢原子或者,一个电子的时候，而是多个电子的原子。
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So today, we're going to start talking about the hydrogen atom.
今天我们将谈到氢原子。
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And I just want to point out here in terms of things that you're responsible for, you should know that the most probable radius for a 1 s hydrogen atom is equal a nought.
在这里,我想要指出的是，你们要知道氢原子１ｓ轨道,最可能距离等于ａ０
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So, let's look at what this actually is for what we're showing here is the 1 s hydrogen atom.
让我们来看看,我们这里给出的这个氢原子1s轨道,到底是什么。
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And hydrogen atom is what we're learning about, so that's the most relevant here. But just to show you that each atom does have its own set of spectral lines, just for fun we'll look at neon also so you can have a comparison point.
为了给你们展示下每个原子，都有自己的一套谱线,仅仅是为了好玩，我们看下氖,你们可以比较一下。
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So another way to say that is, in a sense, if we're thinking about the excited state of a hydrogen atom, the first excited state, or the n equals 2 state, what we're saying is that it's actually bigger than the ground state, or the 1 s state of a hydrogen atom.
换句话说，如果我们激发一个氢原子，第一激发态或者说ｎ等于２的态，我们说它比氢原子基态,或者说１ｓ态要大。
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And I want to really highlight here we're talking about for a hydrogen atom orbitals - with the same n value have the same energy.
我想强调的是,我们所说的,都是对单个的氢原子,和言的,对于同样的n值能量相同。
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So that's true for a hydrogen atom, it doesn't matter if you're in a p or an s orbital, their energies are the same.
这对于氢原子来说是这样的，不论是p或，者s轨道，能量是一样的。
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All right, so if we think about b h bond here, again, it's the sigma bond, and we're going to say it's a boron 2 s p 2 hybrid orbital interacting with a hydrogen 1 s orbital.
这可以告诉我们，为什么它倾向于周围只有6个电子，好了，考虑一下这里的BH键,同样的，它是sigma键,我们说。
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The reason that it's a sigma bond is sp3 because the s p 3 hybrid orbital is directly interacting with the 1 s orbital of the hydrogen atom, and that's going to happen on the internuclear axis, they're just coming together.
它是sigma键的原因,是因为,杂化轨道直接和氢原子1s轨道相互作用，它们作用发生在核间轴上，它们会到一起。
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We're going to be looking at the solutions to the Schrodinger equation for a hydrogen atom, and specifically we'll be looking at the binding energy of the electron to the nucleus.
我们将研究下氢原子薛定谔方程的解,特别是电子和核子的结合能,我们将研究这部分。
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In terms of where different atoms are in a molecule, if you have a hydrogen atom or a fluorine atom, you can pretty much guarantee they're always going to be terminal atoms.
对于不同原子在分子中的位置，如果你有一个氢原子或者一个氟原子，那你基本可以保证,它们总是最末端的原子。
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If we want to talk about two hydrogen atoms, then we just need to double that, so that's going to be negative 2 6 2 4 kilojoules per mole that we're talking about in terms of a single hydrogen atom.
而要讨论两个氢原子，我们只需要把它乘以二，因此应该是负的，2624，千焦每摩尔,这就是单个的氢原子的情况。
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And it should make sense where we got this from, because we know that the binding energy, if we're talking about a hydrogen atom, what is the binding energy equal to?
很容易理解，我们怎么得到这个的，因为我们知道，结合能，如果，对氢原子来说，结合能等于什么？
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So, if we're talking about hydrogen, that's our one exception so far to the octet rule.
那么，如果我们讨论的是氢原子，它是目前我们遇到的八隅体规则的唯一例外。
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All right. So today we're going to finish up our discussion of the hydrogen atom.
好，今天我们要结束,关于氢原子问题的讨论。
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What I want to point out also is that this h hat, the Hamiltonian operator written out for the simplest case we can even imagine, which is a hydrogen atom where we only have one electron that we're dealing with, and of course, one nucleus.
我也想指出的是，我们能想到的最简单情况,的哈密顿算符，是一个只有一个电子,也只有一个原子核的氢原子。
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So, if we look at this graph where what we're charting is the internuclear distance, so the distance between these two hydrogen atoms, as a function of energy, -- what we are going to see is a curve that looks like this -- this is the general curve that you'll see for any covalent bond, and we'll explain where that comes from in a minute.
因此，如果我们来看一看这幅曲线图,这里我们画的横坐标是核间距，也就是这两个氢原子之间的距离，纵坐标是能量，我们看到的这是能量关于核间距的曲线-,这是一条普遍的曲线，在研究任何共价键时你都会遇到，我们马上就会解释一下它是怎么来的。
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So it's along the bond axis and it's between a carbon s p 2 hybrid, and then the hydrogen is just a 1 s orbital that we're combining here.
所以它是沿着键轴方向的,而且这里是一个碳sp2杂化轨道，和一个氢的1s轨道的结合,在这里我们可以合并他们。
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