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It turns out that the kinds of post-translational modifications human cells are able to do are very complicated.
研究结果证实人类细胞所能完成的,翻译后修饰非常复杂
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stem cell researchers have found a way to get perfectly usable stem cells from fully grown human beings.
干细胞研究者已经找到了一种方法，
可以从成年人身上获取可用的干细胞。
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One of the reasons why human cells have compartments is because their functions are segregated into regions.
人类细胞有区隔结构的一个原因,是为了把不同生理功能隔开
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Particularly if you compare them with hair cells that are present in the mammalian and the human and mouse cochlea.
尤其是与哺乳动物如人和老鼠的,耳蜗中的毛细胞相比。
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is that the, like the best stem cells come from human embryos.
是因为最好的干细胞来自于人类的胚胎。
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What else is different about human cells and bacteria other than these formed organelles?
除了细胞器以外,二者还有什么不同
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Human cells, most human cells, don't function very well in suspension.
人类细胞,至少是大部分人类细胞,在悬浮培养时不能很好的执行细胞功能
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Another important difference between human cells and bacterial cells is their size.
另一个重要的不同,体现在两者的大小上
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Human cells don't have a cell wall but most bacteria do.
人类细胞没有细胞壁而大部分细菌有
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Another thing that's different about human cells and animal - human cells and bacterial cells is that many bacterial cells can swim and can exist in suspension, that means just suspended in a fluid.
人类细胞和动物细胞--,和细菌细胞,另一个重要不同是,许多细菌细胞可以游动,可以生活在悬浮液中,就是说可以悬浮在液体中
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Human cells have well-described organelles inside of them.
人类细胞中有我们知之甚详的各种细胞器
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That's another difference between human cells and bacteria.
这是人类细胞和细菌的另一个不同
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On the top you see where the hair cells are located in the human cochlea.
幻灯上方显示的是,人耳蜗内毛细胞的位置。
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It's very important in the biological operation of human cells and that step is RNA splicing, or processing of this RNA, single stranded RNA that's produced by transcription.
而这对人类细胞生物运作至关重要,这个步骤就是RNA剪接,或者说是对RNA的加工,对转录出的单链RNA进行加工的步骤
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It's this group of cells, this subset of cells from the developing embryo that become the embryo, that become the organism, become the human.
这一组细胞,这组发育胚胎中的细胞亚群,发育成胚胎,发育组织,直至发育成整个人体
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By taking cells from the skin, for example, or cells from your blood or cells from the bone marrow and keeping them alive in culture, we've been able to study how human cells work and learn a lot about the functioning of human organism.
举例来说,通过从人的皮肤,骨髓,或者血液中提取细胞,并在培养基中培养,就能研究人类细胞是如何工作的,并在一定程度上了解人类机体的功能
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Cells that I took from a human and cells that are in a bacterium.
人类细胞,和细菌细胞
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Now that's going to be important when we talk about making human gene - making human proteins inside alternate hosts like bacteria, that they can't do all the things that your cells can do.
这一步骤在我们谈到,利用像细菌那样的宿主,来生成人类蛋白时非常重要,因为细菌并不具备人类细胞的全部功能
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One way I could try to find the gene for human insulin is to take any cells from any of us, skin cells let's say, and I could identify where on the chromosomal DNA that insulin is likely to occur.
我能找到胰岛素基因的一个方法,是从任意一个人身上任意取一些细胞,比如说皮肤细胞,并且我知道胰岛素基因,可能出现在染色体DNA的哪一部分
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