By the same token, if literature has effects, it must have effects on someone, and this gives rise to the equally interesting and vexing question, "What is a reader?"

同样，如果文学史有影响的，它一定会对某些人产生影响，它也会引出一个同样有趣,而恼人的问题，“读者是谁？“

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选

So two possible negative effects--the taste is just a tease, the how the noble have fallen--on the one hand.

所以两种可能的负面影响，品尝只是一种戏弄，贵族如何没落，在一方面讲。

耶鲁公开课 - 死亡课程节选

He admits that maybe he stretches the word "irony," but he tries to argue that the variety of effects that he focuses on in his essay have to do with irony.

他也承认“,也许他有些过度理解,但是他认为多样的效果来自于讽刺。

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选