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For Plato, philosophy was in the first instance, a therapy for our passions in a way of setting limits to our desires.
对于柏拉图，哲学的首要任务，是透过对我们的欲望设限,来治疗我们的激情。
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I think that actually a better example for Plato's purposes, not that I expect him to have this particular example, but, would be a car.
一个能更好的解释柏拉图的观点的例子,尽管他本人不大可能想得到,我认为这个例子是汽车
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For Plato" he says "also is of the opinion that it is impossible for the disorders of the state ever to be taken away until sovereigns be philosophers."
对于柏拉图，他说道,也相信只有当一国君王,自己成为了哲学家,才可能将一国的纷乱扫尽“
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Well, Aristotle and Plato,both sort of theoreticians of the polis each had an idea what's the right size for the perfect polis.
亚里士多德和柏拉图,这两位精于城邦理论的理论家对此各执己见
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Much more from Plato. So again it raises the issue, if you want to know most about the most influential aspects for Western civilization, would it be better for you to take an entire semester on Plato than it would on the New Testament?
源自柏拉图，所以又回到这个问题上了，如果你想了解,西方文明最有影响力的方方面面，那是不是参加有关柏拉图课程,比新约课程更有用呢？
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It was very explicit in Plato, for instance.
比如,柏拉图就曾明确提出过
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For Plato, it would seem, the study of politics was always bound up with deeply philosophical and speculative questions, questions of metaphysics, questions of the structure of the cosmos.
对柏拉图而言，那会看似学习政治学,永远是会深刻地,和哲学式与思索类的问题连结在一起，形上学的问题，宇宙结构的问题。
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That's the nature of reality for Plato.
对柏拉图来说这就是万物的法则
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Plato here seems to agree with Winston Churchill that democracy is the worst regime except for all the others.
柏拉图似乎与丘吉尔意味相投,认为民主若没有相较于其它的政体,将是最糟的一种。
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This is for Plato, the political passion par excellence.
那就是柏拉图所谓的激情，出类拔萃的政治激情。
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But one of the things that it can do, one of the things that sort of provides the underpinnings, as we'll see, for Plato's arguments for the immortality of the soul is the soul can think about--; well, here I'll have to introduce a word of philosophical jargon.
但是,在灵魂能做的所有事情中,我们会发现,有一件事可以说是,柏拉图论证灵魂不朽的基础,这件事就是,灵魂能够思考,在这里我要引入一个哲学术语
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The crucial premise since we're giving Plato number one the crucial premise for our purposes is premise number two.
最关键的前提是,我们已经承认了前提一,所以对我们来说最关键的前提是前提二
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these are at least among the questions that Socrates or Plato, the author of the book, deliberately poses for us to consider.
就是这些问题,这些至少就是苏格拉底或柏拉图，本书作者，所特意提出让我们思考的问题。
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If we grant that to Plato, he thinks we've got an argument for the immortality of the soul.
如果我们同意柏拉图这个观点,他认为我们就有了支持灵魂不灭性的论据
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So, for example, to give an example that Plato actually gives in the dialogue, we are all awake now, but previously we were asleep.
举例来说吧,柏拉图在对话中举过这么个例子,我们现在都清醒着,但之前我们都在熟睡
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But however that may be, Plato believes he has found in the formula of one man, one job, a certain foundation for political justice.
但无论会如何，柏拉图相信他已,找着一人一事的公式，一种特定的基础来营造政治公义。
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Plato, as a dualist, portrays Socrates as being a dualist and that's just taken for granted.
作为一个二元论者,柏拉图理所当然地,把苏格拉底塑造成一个二元论者
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But his question is still one that lingers and one that Plato includes for a purpose.
但他的问题仍萦回不散,且柏拉图是因为一个目的来加以收录。
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But Plato's Republic recognizes no such separation or no such independence for a private sphere.
但柏拉图的《理想国》并未体认到这种区隔,或是这种私人领域的自主性。
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Think of that. And while you're thinking about it you can start reading Plato's Apology for Socrates which we will discuss for class on Wednesday.
想想这个问题，此外，你们可以开始,阅读柏拉图的《苏格拉底自辩篇》,我们将在周三的课堂上讨论。
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I'll say, "Plato holds" Or "Socrates argues," because for our purposes it's all the same.
我会说,"柏拉图认为"或者"苏格拉底认为",因为就这门课的目的而言两种说法是等效的
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Now, I'll come back to that sort of argument in just a minute, but let me bracket that for a moment and say something about Plato.
我们待会儿再回到这个论题上,现在我们暂且先把它放在一边,开始学习柏拉图
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He remained attached to it for the next 20, until the death of Plato.
他和它在往后，20，年一直附属在一起，直到柏拉图过世。
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Plato's actually going to give us some arguments for pretty much that same claim.
事实上柏拉图会给我们一些,相似的论据来证明
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It could be that Plato's deliberately putting mistakes in earlier arguments so as to encourage you to think for yourself, "Oh, this is--here's a problem with this argument.
有可能是柏拉图有意的,在早期理论中犯下一些错误,从而鼓励你们去独立思考,这个论点有问题
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I don't know how many of you have not read any Plato before, but for those of you who haven't, I actually think you're in for a treat.
我不知道你们当中有多少人,之前未曾读过柏拉图的作品,但是,还未拜读过柏拉图的同学们,我敢肯定你们会喜欢上他的
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These are not names that Plato gives, but it will make it easy for us to get a fix, roughly, on the different arguments as we move from one to the next.
这些名字不是柏拉图起的,但是这能方便我们,在逐一推进的时候粗略地了解一下,这些不同论证的定义
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So the point I'm suggesting is that many of Socrates' students and associates including Plato himself had some connection with this oligarchical government that had ruled Athens for a brief time.
所以，我想讲的是,许多苏格拉底的学生或是同僚,包括柏拉图本身，都与这个,曾短暂统治雅典的,寡头政府有关连。
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Yeah, this is not a bad time for me to remind you that in one of Plato's dialogues, Socrates says the Greeks sit like frogs around a pond and that pond is the Aegean Sea.
下面引用一下,柏拉图记录的一段对话,苏格拉底说希腊地形,就像一群青蛙围着一个池塘,而那池塘就是爱琴海
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We have in Plato's own words here, the way he viewed politics and his reasons for his political philosophy.
我看到了柏拉图自述，他对政治的观点,以及他对自己政治哲学的理解。
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