Hess' Law states that for any chemical reaction, the energy change is path independent.

盖斯定律表明，对于任意化学反应，能量变化并非是路径依赖的。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

For most problems on exams, those quantities are constant, independent of temperature.

然后对于考试中的大部分问题，这些量都是与温度无关的常数。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

Risk pooling means they put a lot of people with independent or low-correlated risk into a pool and reduce the risk for the whole pool.

风险汇聚即,将独立或相关性小的风险汇聚起来,以降低整体风险

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

And we need to ask in the case of higher or worthier pleasures are there theories of the good life that can provide independent moral standards for the worth of pleasures?

我们要问，就更高的或更有价值的快乐而言,是否存在“良善生活“的理论,能为快乐的价值,提供独立的道德标准？

耶鲁公开课 - 公正课程节选

When you do these calculations, which I just did for insurance-- I was talking about insurance companies-- assuming that risks are independent, everything's independent and we've got it all figured out.

当你试图去,做保险相关计算时,我指的是保险公司...,假定风险是独立的,事件都是独立的,可以算出一个结果

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

For the ideal gas, we know that u is volume independent.

对于理想气体,我们知道u与体积无关。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选