So, they started to do collecting of data on mortality and they developed something called actuarial science, which is estimating the probability of people living.

他们开始收集死亡率的数据,并且发展出精算学,用来估算人在各年龄段死亡的概率

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

Okay, so you could see difficulties in estimating on both sides of the norm. Yes?

所以你们可以看到在一定范围内,做估算有多困难

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

In this case people--bread, chips, and ham- they were estimating really large errors here.

对于面包,土豆片和火腿,人们的估算存在很大误差

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

Well, there are pretty gross ways of estimating these things that typically get used.

有种非常粗略的估算方法,而且是通常的做法

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

You must be pretty good at estimating calories if that--you ask that.

你这样问了,说明你很擅长估计卡路里

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

Now if you're not in a kitchen it's going to be hard to measure a cup, or an ounce, or things like that so you'll have to be estimating.

如果你不在厨房,很难用杯,盎司,或其他单位来度量,因此需要自己来估计

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

Now here, they weren't estimating the calories they were just doing reports of how much physical activity they got and then the investigators calculated the calories and then the graph was created here.

说一下,实验对象没有实际估测卡路里,他们只是将运动量汇报给研究者,然后研究者进行计算,研究者绘制了这表格

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

What about estimating the amount? Go ahead.

你们觉得评估总量怎么样,你说

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

In the case of energy expenditure, how many calories people were burning, there wasn't quite such a difference, but again, it was in the favor of the individuals, that the people were estimating they burned this many calories from physical activity, but this is actually the number that they burned.

就能量消耗来说,人们消耗了多少卡路里,两者之间的差异并不是如此巨大,但又一次,由于人们的一厢情愿,人们估算从体育活动中,他们消耗了这么多的卡路里,但数据是他们实际消耗的

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选