And that is that the lattice energy as is depicted by the Madelung constant is dominant.

如晶格能中的马德隆常数,就十分重要。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

Whereas under these conditions, these quantities, if you look at free energy change, for example at constant temperature and pressure, H you can still calculate H.

但是，在这些条件下，这些物理量，如果我们考察自由能的变化,例如在恒定的温度和压强下，我们仍然可以计算。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

So now we have that energy is equal to the negative of the Rydberg constant divided by n squared.

我们可以把能量方程大大简化,现在能量等于负的Rydberg常数除以n平方。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

And we wrote something that looks, the energy is equal to minus the Madelung constant times Avogadro's number, 0R0 q1 q2 over 4 pi epsilon zero R zero.

我们写下了，晶格能等于负的马德隆常数,乘以阿伏伽德罗常数，乘以q1q2除以4πε

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

You just change volume to pressure and basically you're looking at enthalpy under a constant -- anything that's done at a constant volume path with energy, there's the same thing happening under constant pressure path for enthalpy.

可以看到这就是把体积换成了压强,一般我们都是在一种恒定状态下,考虑焓的，任何在恒容条件下,能伴随能量变化的东西，也在恒压条件下伴随焓同样地变化,所以你可以经常。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

We have discovered that this partial derivative that appears in the definition, the abstract definition of the differential for internal energy, is just equal to the constant volume heat capacity.

我们还发现,这个偏微分出现在了，内能的偏微分,定义式中，它也就是热容。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

What Einstein then clarified for us was that we could also be talking about energies, and he described the relationship between frequency and energy that they're proportional, if you want to know the energy, you just multiply the frequency by Planck's constant.

爱因斯坦阐述的是我们,也可以从能量的角度来谈论，他描述频率和能量之间的关系,是成比例的，如果希望知道能量值，你用普朗克常数乘以频率就可以了。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

We can also figure out the energy of this orbital here, and the energy is equal to the Rydberg constant.

我们同样可以知道,这个轨道的能量，它等于，Rydberg常数。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

The Joule experiment was a constant energy experiment, right. Here we're going to have to find a constant enthalpy experiment, and that is going to be the Joule-Thomson experiment. That's going to extract out a physical meaning to this derivative here.

非常像焦耳实验,焦耳实验是一个能量恒定的实验,我们这里要做的是，找到一个焓不变的实验,也就是焦耳-汤姆逊实验,这个实验可以把这里的微分式形象化。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

So, if we start instead with talking about the energy levels, we can relate these to frequency, because we already said that frequency is related to, or it's equal to the initial energy level here minus the final energy level there over Planck's constant to get us to frequency.

如果我们从讨论能级开始，我们可以联系到频率上,因为我们说过频率和能量相关,或者说等于初始能量,减去末态能量除以普朗克常数。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So the first path then, the first path, 1 constant volume constant V, so I'm going to, again, let's just worry about energy.

首先，是路径，等压过程。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

It only cares what temperature is. If temperature is constant, there's no change in energy.

如果温度是常数,能量就没有变化，对理想气体。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

So that should mean that the energy that's transferred to the electron should be greater, but that's not what you saw at all, and what you saw is that if you kept the frequency constant there was absolutely no change in the kinetic energy of the electrons, no matter how high up you had the intensity of the light go.

所以这意味着转移到电子,上的能量也越大，但这并不是，我们观测到的现象,我们所看到的是,如果固定光的频率不变,不管光强如何变化,电子的动能没有任何变化。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So, we can get from these energy differences to frequency h by frequency is equal to r sub h over Planck's constant 1 times 1 over n final squared minus 1 over n initial squared.

所以我们通过不同能量,得到不同频率，频率等于R下标,除以普朗克常数乘以1除以n末的平方减去。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

And I use the term photon here, and that's because he also concluded that light must be made up of these energy packets, and each packet has that h, that Planck's constant's worth of energy in it, so that's why you have to multiply Planck's constant times the frequency.

我这里用光子这个词,是因为他还总结出光,必须由这些能量包组成，每个能量,包有这个h，普朗克常数代表,里面的能量，所以这就是为什么你们,要用普朗克常数乘以频率。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

We're going to get to more complicated atoms eventually where we're going to have more than one electron in it, but when we're talking about a single electron atom, we know that the binding energy is equal to the negative of the Rydberg constant over n squared, so it's only depends on n.

我们以后会讲到，更加复杂的情况,那时候,不只有一个原子，但当我们讲，单个原子的时候，我们知道结合能，等于,负的Rydberg常数,除以n平方，所以它仅仅由n决定的。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So, if we just rearrange this equation, what we find is that z effective is equal to n squared times the ionization energy, IE all over the Rydberg constant and the square root of this.

我们可以发现有效的z等于n的平凡，乘以电离能除以里德堡常数,这些所有再开方，所以等于n乘以,除以RH整体的平方根。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选