pV So there is an arbitrary set point that needs to be defined, right? Because what you actually measure in the lab are changes in enthalpy, just like what you measure when you look at energy change of some sort, you measure the change in energy, right.

焓也是一样，焓是U加,所以需要定义一个任意的设定值,对吧？因为实际上你在实验室里,测得的是焓的改变,就像你在研究某种能量变化时，所测量的那样，你测量的是能量的改变，对吧。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

You know, if you want to measure the potential energy of something in a gravitational field, you have to define the zero somewhere, right, because it's arbitrary. You can set it anywhere you want. It's the same with enthalpy.

你知道，如果你想测量重力场,中某种东西的势能，你需要，在某处定义一个零点，对吧？,因为势能的值是任意的,你可以把它设定在。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

In 1633, William Laud had been appointed the Archbishop of Canterbury, and he had been granted an extraordinary set of arbitrary powers of suppression, actually, by the monarch.

633年，威廉劳德被任命为坎特伯雷大主教，并被赋予了一项特别的专职权利,即国王赋予他的镇压权。

耶鲁公开课 - 弥尔顿课程节选

The absolute number that you assign to it is something that's arbitrary. You have to set what the zero is. And so there's a well-understood convention for what the zero is.

你指定给它的绝对值是有任意性的,你需要设定零点的位置,因此有一个经过充分研究的,关于设定零点的约定。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

It's a measure of Milton's ambition and his intellectual courage that enables him to set out to justify a God who can inflict upon his creatures such a seemingly arbitrary act of licensing.

就是弥尔顿的雄心和他智慧的勇气,让他去证实上帝是能强加给他创造的世界,这样看起来专横的控制的行为。

耶鲁公开课 - 弥尔顿课程节选