The life of a dog or a cat or a chicken consists of appetites, cravings, desires, and their gratifications.

狗，猫，小鸡的生命,都充斥着各类嗜好，渴望，欲望，以及满足感。

耶鲁公开课 - 公正课程节选

He represents what will later be called in the Republic the appetitive part of the soul, the appetites.

他代表的是稍后在《理想国》中,所谓灵魂欲望的部份，众多的欲望。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

So does the life of human beings, though the appetites and desires are more complicated.

人亦如此，只是人的嗜好和欲望更加复杂罢了。

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And these are the qualities taken together that Socrates calls justice, that can only be achievedwhen reason is in control of the appetites and desires.

而这些特质合在一起,便是苏格拉底所谓的正义，达成的方法,仅有透过由理性控制欲望与渴求。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

The soul is just, he tells us, when the appetites, spiritedness, and reason cooperate with reason, ruling, spirit and appetite, just as in the polis, the philosopher-king rules the warriors and the workers.

他告诉我们，灵魂将是正义的，当欲望，意志及理性，与理性统治，意志,及欲望合作，一如城市中的正义，哲学家国王统治,战士及工人。

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How is a city like a soul and in what respect is self-governance, the control of one's passions and appetites, in what respect is self-control ? like the governance of a collective body?

城市如何像灵魂,且在哪些层面自管、,自控一个人的激情、欲望，在哪些层面,这些会像是管理一个集体？

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But this seems to be a very far cry, ? does it not, from the kind of justice he talks about in the soul that consists in what we might think of as sort of rational autonomy or self-control where reason controls the passions and the appetites.

但这似乎非常地遥不可及，不是吗，若以他所谈灵魂的正义种类看来,那包含了，在我们可能会称之为,理性自治里,或自控,当中理性,控制激情与渴求。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

But even still when we think of it, if I am a member of the money making class, I am still more than simply a bundle of desires and appetites, just as a member of the warrior class would be clearly more than mere thumos or mere spiritedness.

但即使在我们思考之后，如果我是商人阶级的一员，我仍然不会,只有欲望与渴求，就像如果我是战士阶级的一员,将肯定不会,只有，Thumos，或说意志。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选