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And what's fallen out when we do that, because in each case, one of the first derivatives gives us the entropy.
当我们这样做时就得到了结果，因为在这些例子中，一阶导数是熵。
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And oh, do you remember when we went to have a drink after our hike?
对了，你记得那次我们爬完山去喝了一杯吗？
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So we're going to go through a thermodynamic cycle, and here's what I want to calculate when we do this.
那么我们要推导,一个热力学循环,这是这个过程中我要计算的东西。
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And, we'll talk about fuel cells later in the semester when we do the unit on redox reactions and electrochemistry.
这学期我们随后会讨论燃料电池,当我们讲到,关于氧化还原反应和电化学单元时。
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But it means that we get ill less often and when we do get sick, we recover more promptly.
但这意味着我们不会常生病，就算病了，也能恢复得更快。
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And when we do that we can see this curve, this probability curve, where we have a maximum probability of finding the electron this far away from the nucleus.
当我们这样做时，我们可以看到这个曲线，这个概率分布曲线，这里有发现,电子的最大概率。
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But we'll explain in the week to come exactly why and when you do things like that.
但是我们将在下周精确地解释为什么,什么时候我们那样做。
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I wouldn't say we're doing that constantly, but we certainly force ourselves to do it when there are new clear disruptions and whenever there's a clear crisis in the business.
我不能说我们一直在这样做，但是在公司遇见,困境或危机时,我们会强迫,自己这样做。
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For example, we've had economists visit, and when we do the class on economics I'll urge you to listen to that particular Podcast.
比如,我们有对经济学家的访谈,那么当我们进行到经济学章节的时候,我就会要你们去听一下相关的播客
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And I don't think that we will be completely satisfied when we do leave with what we left behind That's it for today.
我认为我们不会非常满意,当我们走时，看到我们所留下的问题,今天的节目就到此结束了。
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What do we look at when we read this novel, and what do we see?
我们在读的时候在看什么？,看到了什么？
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And when we do a simulation, we're pulling the samples from some distribution.
当我们写一个仿真程序的时候，我们就是从一些分布中进行了采样。
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In particular, do we have souls, and for this class when I talk about a soul, what I'm going to mean is sort of a bit of philosophical jargon.
特别是，我们有灵魂吗，在这节课上，当我说到灵魂，我的意思是带有一些术语味道的。
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We establish these targets, we review them once a year, we don't make changes in many years, they're quite stable, and when we do move them we don't move them by a lot.
我们设定了这些资产配置,每年都会评估一次,这些指标已经很多年没有变过了,十分稳定,即使我们要调整,也不会有很大幅度
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So there's going to be lots of times in this class when we get to play games, we get to have classroom discussions and so on, but there's going to be some times when we have to slow down and do some work, and the next twenty minutes are going to be that.
我们在课上会经常,通过游戏学习博弈,我们还会举行随堂讨论等等,但是我们也需要花费一些时间,来慢慢研究一些问题,接下来的二十多分钟就是这样的
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So, he writes: To the psychologist alone can such questions occur as: Why do we smile when pleased and not scowl?
他这样写到：,对哲学家本身说,会出现这些问题：,为什么开心时我们微笑而非皱眉？
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And of course, the kings when we see them in Homer do not have a bureaucracy, do not have scribes.
当然,从《荷马史诗》中所看到的那些国王,他们没有官僚作风,没有随身抄写员
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The question is not so much how we control what happens to us but what do we do when we were faced difficult circumstances, and how we can make spiritual meaning even when difficult things happen to us.
问题不是我们能够掌控多少,而是当我们面对困境,能做些什么，我们怎样体现灵性的意义,即便我们面临困境。
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What we do is speak, and when we speak, of course, we say correctly that we "use" language, but we still need to know what language is and we need to understand the relationship between language and speech.
我们所说的，我们什么时候说，当然，说我们这是在使用语言，但是我们仍然要理解语言到底是什么,我们要理解语言和话语的关系。
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It means we get ill less often and when we do get sick, we'll recover more promptly.
而是意味着我们更有抵抗力，即使得病，也能很快康复。
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All right. So let's test what we, in fact, know about the photoelectric effect, and before we do that actually, we're going to calculate what we would predict, so when we do the demo it will be meaningful and we can tell whether we're successful or not.
好的，我们来测试一些，我们实际上懂了,多少光电效应的东西，在我们做测试之前，我们先算一下我们能预知什么，这样我们做的测试会很有意义,并且也知道我们是否成功了。
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Just take a look: if this is 9, 5 divided by 9 is always going to be 0 point something, and if you thus have two integers and you're rounding down, which is what happens when you do integral math we're using this operator, I'm going to get zero times whatever.
稍微看一看：如果这是9，5除以9会得到,0点几，如果你用两个整型数,你舍去小数，这就是当你们,用整型数使用这个操作的所发生的事情，我将得到数值0乘以任何一个数字。
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And yet we don't do the same when it comes to our emotions.
然而说到情绪时，我们却不这么做。
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And the idea is that when you do these Lewis dot structures, we're representing electrons with dots, which we'll see in a minute, and each dot is going to represent a valence electron.
而当你遇到这些路易斯点结构时，我们会将电子用点来表示，我们马上就会看到，每个点都代表了一个价电子。
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So, I've never heard the click-click-click-click-click, and we might bring a Geiger counter in here some time later in the semester so we can check all of you out, and hopefully we won't hear any when we do that either.
但我知道如果,你听到哒哒哒的声音，就表明你有麻烦了，我从来没听到过哒哒哒的声音,也许以后我可以带一个,来课堂上检测你们每一个人，希望我们不会听到哒哒哒的声音。
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And we can go through and calculate the value of this quantity in parenthesis. And, when we do so, we get the value 2.18 times 10 to the minus 18 joules.
我们能进行计算这些值,如果我们这样做，我们能算出是，2。18，乘以10，的负18焦耳。
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So, in this program when we call this version of swap 1 and 2 do not end up here, right?
所以，在这个程序中，当我们调用这个swap版本1,和版本2，不是在这里结束，对不？
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