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are all functions of state and parameters that we can control like temperature and pressure.
公式里面的全部都是态函数,我们控制态函数的参数比如温度或者压强。
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- And now temperature in Fahrenheit -- 212 all right, let's go ahead and pick an easy one like 212, Enter, and indeed equals 100 in Celsius.
现在输入华氏温度-,好的，让我们选一个简单的，像，回车，确实等于100摄氏度。
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So, all I want to do now is look at the derivatives of the free energies with respect to temperature and volume and pressure.
我现在所要做的一切就是,考察自由能对,温度，体积和压强的偏导数。
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You've taken all the proteins inside the white of the egg, for example, you raise the temperature.
对蛋清部分所有的蛋白质,比如说进行加热
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And I didn't specify the conditions, but if we were to do this under ordinary chemical conditions of some, you'd say room temperature and pressure, right, they all happen spontaneously.
我并没有特别说明反应条件，但是如果我们在通常的化学条件下,实现这些化学反应，比如在室温和大气压下下，他们都是自发的。
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If there's no heat flow between the b and c, then I can say all right, a and c were the same temperature.
如果在与之间没有热量流动，那么我就可以说，好吧与处于相同的温度。
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All right, so now we have the makings of a good thermometer and a good temperature scale.
这一常数只决定于温度,于是我们现在,可以定义一个理想的温度计和温标了。
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All you care about is what was the temperature change?
所有需要关心的就是温度的变化？
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In this case, V = /P. Have two quantities and the number of moles gives you another property. You don't need to know the volume. All you need to know is the pressure and temperature and the number of moles to get the volume.
以及气体的摩尔数,就可以得到第三个量,知道压强，温度和气体的,摩尔数就可以推导出气体的体积,这称为状态方程,它建立了状态函数之间的联系。
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They're all the same temperature.
它们都处于同样的温度。
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But because in many cases we can reasonably either model or measure equations of state, collect data for a material for its temperature, pressure, volume relations, then in fact if we can relate all these quantities to those then in fact we really can calculate essentially all of the thermodynamics. For the material.
但是因为在很多情况下,我们能够合理的给出状态方程的模型,或者通过收集一个物质的，温度，压强和体积之间的关系,来测量其状态方程，所以实际上我们可以给出压强等物理量,和热力学势之间的关系,并计算出所有的热力学势，对于给定的物质。
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And then they found that they could freeze-dry this preparation of virus, and freeze-drying to lower the temperature, freeze it, then extract out all the water, so you're left with a powder, basically a powdered form of the virus, that could be shipped all over the world, and then reconstituted by adding water to it.
研究者们发现可以冷冻干燥这些病毒制剂,冷冻干燥就是就是降低温度,冷冻病毒,然后提取出所有水份,然后就剩下一些粉末,这主要是粉末状的病毒,这样就能将它运往全世界,并可以通过加水来恢复病毒的活性
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If two object are in the same temperature, and two other object are in the same temperature, then all three must have the same temperature.
如果有两个物体的温度相同，又有另外两个物体的温度相同，那么这三个物体一定有同样的温度。
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So we're going to start at one, T1 and this is going to be in isotherm at temperature T1, and all the paths here are going to be reversible.
我们从一开始，这是个绝热恒温过程，温度是，所有路径都是可逆的。
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