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All cells are the same and I say that because any cell within you or within me is the same in many respects.
我之所以说所有细胞都是一样的,是因为你我体内的细胞,在很多方面的确一模一样
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All cell membranes have these channels within them, and under their resting conditions sodium is moving from outside to inside, potassium's moving from inside to outside.
所有细胞膜上都有这种通道结构,在静息状态下,钠从细胞外流向细胞内,钾从细胞内流向细胞外
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All cell phones off and we will begin.
请大家关闭手机,我们要开始了
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This means the cells that are red here have all the information to form the major cell types of the inner ear.
这就是说，用红色标示的细胞具有构成,内耳主体细胞类型的全部信息。
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No. Cell phones don't have any experience at all.
不，手机本身没有任何体验。
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One is because we understand the bone marrow system so much better than we understand all the other stem cell systems.
一个原因就是我们对骨髓系统的认识,远高于其他干细胞系统
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All those things have to happen in an orderly fashion, in enough quantity in order for a particular cell to make a protein.
所有的步骤必须按部就班,保质保量地进行,让一个特定的细胞合成特定的蛋白质
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But they'd all have some of these same features, that is a cell body with many processes that meet in the cell body.
但它们都有一些相同特征,那就是它们都拥有一个,汇集了许多突起的细胞体
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We'll talk about another word for this later, but it's a cell that's going to give rise to all the cells of our body.
我们之后还会再提到,而这个细胞将孕育出,我们身体全部的细胞
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This part of the cell becomes depolarized because it gets the message that it's supposed to depolarize because of all the inputs that impinge on these dendrites.
这一部分细胞会去极化,因为它得到了,树突上接受到的神经冲动所传达的,要求它去极化的信息
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Because they've made many copies of their genome and they've made all the proteins that are necessary to - for assembly of a new virus, then this cell can make many new viruses.
因为病毒制造了大量病毒基因组的拷贝,和所有,新病毒组装所需的蛋白质,所以这个细胞就有能力制造大量新的病毒
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And what he found is that all the major cell types of the ear develop no matter what types of the ear develop no matter what environment this ball has been transplanted in.
他发现,不论植入的环境如何,所有的主体耳细胞,都发育成型了。
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All the cells in your body have the capability of making all the proteins that you make, but they're not all made in every cell.
你体内的所有细胞,都有表达体内所有种类的蛋白的能力,但细胞并不会表达所有的蛋白质
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It's collecting information from all these dendrites under the right series of signals the cell body integrates all that information, says time for me to fire an action potential.
神经收集所有树突送来的,通过一系列正确信号传来的信息,细胞体整合所有信息之后,就到了发出动作电位的时候了
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One way of referring to this cell is in terms of its potential and the zygote obviously has the potential of becoming all of the cells of our body.
干细胞的一个特点,就是它有分化潜能,而受精卵,显然有变成我们体内任何细胞的潜能
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In this case the shape is - there's a cell body in the center here so this is where the nucleus is and where all the transcription, production of proteins take place here.
在这个细胞中,中间部位是细胞体,细胞核位于其中央,转录以及翻译过程均发生于此
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The important concept is that, while every cell in your body has the capability of making all the proteins that are needed throughout your body, not every cell is doing that at any given time.
这里面有一个重要的概念,就是尽管你身体里的细胞都,有能力制造出,全身上下所需的所有蛋白质,但不是所有细胞每时每刻都在这么做
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How is your immune system going to recognize that this virus is there causing bad results if it's living inside of a cell and doing all its business inside a cell where antibodies can't get to it?
你的免疫系统怎样才能识别,作恶多端的病毒呢,如果它隐藏在细胞中进行繁殖,而抗体又无法进入细胞,那该怎么办
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Out of all the genes that are on the human genome which fraction is this particular cell using, which fraction is it expressing determines what proteins are present in the cell, determines what work or what activities the cell can engage in.
人类基因组全部基因中的,特定细胞所表达的基因片段,细胞表达的是哪段基因,决定了细胞中存在什么样的蛋白,决定了细胞会有什么样的功能,或者参与何种生命活动
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Again, the point today is not for you to understand in detail all these mechanisms but to understand how those basic concepts we talked about last time, basic concepts of cell communication if arranged in the right kinds of ways can lead to complex outcomes.
再说一次 今天的重点不是,要你理解这些机制的细节,而是借此理解上节课讲的基本概念,细胞通讯的基本概念如果安排得当,可以产生非常复杂的反应
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They grew the virus in monkey cell cultures, they purified the virus because you got to get all the other stuff from the cells that you're growing it in a way, they inactivated it by treating it with formalin which is just a formula-- it's just a mixture of Formaldehyde; Formaldehyde cross links proteins.
研究人员将病毒种植在猴细胞内,进行培养,并提纯病毒,在某种程度上,通过这种方法,可以得到所有类型的病毒,研究人员用福尔马林,处理病毒,使其灭活,福尔马林就是甲醛的水溶液,甲醛可以使蛋白质发生交联反应
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So before a cell enters mitosis it has to have synthesized its DNA so it has two copies of all of its chromosomes.
所以在进入有丝分裂之前,细胞必须先合成DNA,所以它含有两套染色体拷贝
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That's synthesis and that has to happen in order for cells to replicate and cell replication is happening in your body all the time.
这个DNA合成过程是,细胞复制中不可或缺的部分,细胞复制时刻不停的在你身体里进行着
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Every cell in your body has exactly the same DNA; that is if I could stretch out all the DNA and look at the base pair sequence, the sequences of bases along all the DNA in your chromosomes, they'd be identical in all the cells.
身体内每一个细胞都有完全相同的DNA,如果我把整条DNA展开,然后检查其碱基对的顺序,你体内每个细胞中染色体上,DNA的碱基对顺序,都是完全相同的
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Certain segments of DNA are being converted into RNA, and whereas in replication, you have to copy the whole genome, the whole - all of the chromosomes, all of the DNA contained in the chromosomes of the cell in order to completely replicate it; transcription only works on particular sequences of DNA.
特定的DNA序列被转录为RNA,在复制的过程中,整条染色体都被复制,包括其中的全部DNA序列,都被分毫不差地复制下来,以保证复制的完整性,而转录过程只发生在特定的DNA序列上
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