Now obviously, the struggle takes place against the backdrop of completely undisciplined and unsystematic thinking which Eikhenbaum identifies as the typical thinking of the universities, of the academy.

很明显，这话时针对当时,艾肯鲍姆认为,无序混乱的,学术界而说的。

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选

So defamiliarization, against the backdrop of a kind of gray uniformity that Jakobson in his essay on byt "The Generation that Squandered its Poets" called "byt"-- I don't know how to pronounce that.

陌生化所针对的，灰色一致性,正如雅各布森在他的论文,浪费诗人的时代中提到的，称为-,我不知道这个词怎么发音。

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选

The first is obviously Marx against the backdrop of the first great Socialist Revolution which eventually resulted in the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, when the Russian formalist movement was at its height.

第一个当然是马克思,当时的巴黎公社运动,最终导致了俄国十月革命，这时俄国的形式主义运动正处于高潮。

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选

Against the backdrop of Marx's thought pervading - not just Russian life but beginning to pervade Russian government-- against this backdrop, the idea of struggle, as in class struggle, is going to predominate.

马克思的思想不但席卷,俄国普通百姓的生活，并且开始影响俄国政府-,在这样的背景下，人们认为阶级斗争是历史发展的主要推动力。

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选