Bourgeois and burghers, as I said last time, are urban residents who are losing their privileges on the continent to big-time absolute states.

中产阶级和市民,正如我上次所讲的,这些城市居民是那些在欧洲大陆,被绝对主义国家剥夺权利的人

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

Now, big-time, powerful absolute monarchs don't want that.

但是绝对统治者不希望地方政府有特权

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

And to try to explain why it was that absolute rule came to europe at the time it did, one has to not only look at the particular structures of states, but one has to look at the overview and the sheer horror of it all.

要解释为什么绝对主义在这个时候遍行于欧洲,我们不仅要着眼于各国特有的社会结构,还要纵观全局,了解当时社会上的恐慌

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选