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Hepatitis is a virus that specifically affects the liver, so viruses are often specific to certain kinds of cells.
肝炎病毒就可以特异性的感染肝细胞,因病毒通常都有细胞特异性
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So, this is a cell that's infected with a microorganism, it's infected with a virus, let's say it's infected with influenza virus.
这是一个感染了微生物的细胞,它感染了一种病毒,就说是感染了流感病毒吧
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Imagine a virus, for instance, that captured an animal's brain and then modified the animal's brain such that the animal would run out and bite other animals so as to pass on the virus.
想象一个病毒，例如，控制动物大脑，然后修改大脑,这个动物会跑出去咬其他动物,以传播病毒。
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Once that's clear, we will send it to the necessary application, be it a search engine or anti-virus software, or a stock search, or shopping, or FriendFinder - anything that can be plugged into this kind of platform.
结果一出,页面将会转到相应的应用，像，搜索引擎，或者，杀毒软件，或是，股票搜索，购物，交友网站,任何能够接入平台的东西。
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It could have been corrupted because a virus was inside of it so it was making foreign proteins.
细胞被损害的原因是,病毒在其中生产了外源蛋白
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In this case, it might be a piece of a virus that's replicating inside this cell.
在这种情况下,有可能是,病毒的一部分已经开始在这些细胞中复制
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Think for a minute about what happens if you get infected with a virus.
想一想,如果你被病毒感染了会怎么样
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And so in the 1940s, a group of people led by Collier started to develop a large scale production method for making a reliable source of vaccinia virus.
在二十世纪四十年代,科利尔带领一群人开始研究,一种大规模的生产方法,这种方法能制得牛痘病毒的可靠来源
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In fact, a real powerful virus would skip the respiratory system altogether, even better than a cold virus.
事实上，真正强有力的病毒,会跳过呼吸系统，比感冒病毒好的多。
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Because this is not a virus at all, but it's a virus subunit, your body doesn't respond to it as strongly, your immune system doesn't respond to it as strongly.
因为这根本不是病毒,而是一个病毒亚基,机体对其反应不是那么强烈,免疫系统不会产生强烈的应答
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So, you cross link all the proteins in the virus, and you make a particle that looks like a virus but it can't act like a virus any longer because it can't replicate.
当病毒中所有的蛋白质交联后,就得到了一种看上去像病毒,却无法致病的病毒,因为这种病毒不能进行复制
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This picture here, we're going to come back to this later in two weeks when we start talking about vaccines, and we're going to talk about how you make vaccines for viruses and so in doing that we're going to think about the life cycle of a virus.
看这幅图片,我们两周之内还会讲到这一内容,在开讲疫苗的时候,我们要讲讲怎么制作病毒疫苗,那时我们要,讲讲病毒的生命周期
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This might be a polio virus, for example. The example I've given here is a virus that contains DNA as its genetic material.
例如 这个应该是,小儿麻痹症病毒,我曾在这里展示过,一种将DNA作为遗传物质的病毒
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We talked about host cells that are perhaps infected with a virus, displaying pieces of that virus, antigenic pieces of that virus in the context of a surface receptor called MHC-1, presenting that.
我们说到过,可能受到病毒感染的宿主细胞,表现出病毒的一部分特征,病毒的抗原部分,其表面受体称为主要组织相容性抗原-1,MHC-1负责呈递抗原
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It's really just the result of the virus dividing within cells of your skin, and producing a lot of dead cells.
这便是病毒在皮肤细胞内部,分裂的结果,这个过程会产生大量的死亡细胞
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Rather, it's because this is a perfectly this is the adaptive strategy of the toxoplasmosis virus.
相反，这是一个完美的,这是弓浆虫的适应策略。
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