you can do a thing called A Levels, which is two years in college.
你就可以得到A等级,你可以在大学读两年。
But this is where for lack of a better term non-western countries really formally challenged at the highest levels and the lowest, too.
之所以这么说,是因为找不到更好的表达方式了,这表明非西方国家,从最高层面和最低层面都提出了挑战。
And then you'd sit your A Levels as well when you are 18.
在18岁的时候,也会参加 A Levels的考试。
What we're going to start with is discussing photoelectron spectroscopy, which is a spectroscopy technique that will give us some information about energy levels in multielectron atoms.
首先,我们将讨论,光电子能谱,通过这种技术,我们能够得到多电子原子的能级信息。
And this can be asked at all sorts of levels but a simple level is what makes for a pretty face?
这可以在很多层面上问及,但一个简单的层面就是什么才是好看
Eating a high fat diet but one that's low in cholesterol can still potentially lead to high cholesterol levels.
食用高脂但低胆固醇的食物,仍可导致胆固醇含量偏高
That rate of rise is steeper so they--antibody levels go up more rapidly and they reach a higher level.
同时,上升速度也更加迅速,以达到更高的浓度水平
Not lower high expectations-- that won't make a difference to our levels of wellbeing.
而不是低的和高的期望-,那不会影响我们的幸福水平。
because in elementary school and junior high, you have such a variety of skill levels and effort levels.
因为在小学和初中,大家的水平和努力程度不同。
Now what I want to do is take you exactly to this place where we are right now, where we see energy levels and electron filling, but I want to start all over again and I want to use a totally different approach.
现在我想做的是带你们,到达我们现在所处的地方,我们能看到能量级和电子分布的地方,但我想重新开始,而且用一个完全不同的方法。
the United States announced a target to reduce its emissions by 17% below 2005 levels in 2020.
美国宣布了到2020年实现在2005年的水平基础上减排17%的目标。
At some point, maybe a week later, four to eight days later, you would start to see antibody levels rise.
之后,或许一周之后,四天到八天之间,就可以看到抗体的浓度开始上升
And even though he could figure out that this wasn't possible, he still used this as a starting point, and what he did know was that these energy levels that were within hydrogen atom were quantized.
这是不可能的了,但他还是以此为出发点,他知道,氢原子的这些能级,是量子化的,而且他也知道,我们上节课所看到现象。
So, what he did was kind of impose a quantum mechanical model, not a full one, just the idea that those energy levels were quantized on to the classical picture of an atom that has a discreet orbit.
还不是完整的,只是这些能级,是量子化的概念,作用到原子有分立轨道的经典原子模型上,当他做了一些计算后,他得到有个半径,他算出来。
Those levels would reach a plateau after some period of time, maybe after a couple of weeks and then they would begin to decline again.
在一段时间后,抗体浓度将达到峰值,峰值大约出现在几周之后,之后,抗体浓度将开始下降
And we can look at precisely why that is by looking at the equations for the energy levels for a hydrogen atom versus the multi-electron atom. So, for a hydrogen atom, and actually for any one electron atom at all, this is our energy or our binding energy.
而且我们可以精确地看看,为什么是这样的,通过看对于氢原子和,多电子原子能级的方程所以对于氢原子,事实上对于任何一个电子,这是我们的能量或者我们的结合能。
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