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So, I have a bacteria infection, stimulates my immune system, I start making antibodies that bind to an antigen specific to that bacteria.
所以 如果我被细菌感染了,我的免疫系统被激活,开始制造抗体,这些抗体结合到细菌特异性的抗原上
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When they do that they can actually engulf the bacteria in a process called phagocytosis and break them down into antigens.
免疫细胞确实是将细菌整个吞进了肚内,这一过程称为吞噬作用,并将细菌分解成小抗原
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So, not just a spectrum of viruses, but there's viruses and bacteria and parasites and other microorganisms that can cause disease.
所以,不是只有病毒,还有病毒,细菌,寄生虫,和其它各种微生物都能导致疾病
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One way is to allow these bacteria to grow on a plate that is loaded with antibiotics like Ampicillin.
一种方法,是让这些细菌,在有大量抗生素如氨苄青霉素,的培养基上生长
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That's shown in this diagram as little colonies of bacteria that are growing on a plate.
图示上显示的是生长在培养基上的,一些菌落
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Why don't bacteria need a distinct nucleus and that's necessary in a human cell?
为什么细菌不需要单独的细胞核,而对人类细胞则为必需
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If you get bacteria under your skin, if you get a cut and somehow that cut gets - bacteria gets inside there, the bacteria can reproduce on their own.
如果你皮肤里有细菌,而你又割伤了自己,并让细菌进入了伤口,细菌自身就可以繁殖
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Human cells don't have a cell wall but most bacteria do.
人类细胞没有细胞壁而大部分细菌有
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That's a way of culturing or propagating bacteria.
这是培养繁殖细菌的一种方式
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There are different kinds of cell walls in bacteria but they have a rigid cell wall and our cells don't have a rigid cell wall, we have a fluid lipid like cell wall.
细菌有不同种类的细胞壁,但都很坚固,人类细胞没有坚固的细胞壁,我们有一层类似细胞壁的流动的脂类
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You've probably seen agar plates, if you smear a solution that's contaminated with bacteria on it, then that bacteria will grow on this agar rich medium and you'll get many, many copies of the bacteria that you've smeared at low density onto the plate.
你们大概见过琼脂培养基,如果将有细菌的溶液涂抹在培养基上,细菌就会在富含琼脂的培养基上生长,你会得到许多许多细菌,即使你只涂抹了低浓度溶液
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