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They just wait, they wait for their time, they wait until you are in danger from a particular antigen.
它们时刻准备着,在等待着那一刻,等待你被某种特别的抗原威胁的时刻
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So, the antigen we're thinking about is a vaccine particularly designed to elicit immune response against a pathogen.
我们现在考虑的这种抗原,是一种特别设计的疫苗,它能够诱发免疫效应以消灭病原体
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So, I have a bacteria infection, stimulates my immune system, I start making antibodies that bind to an antigen specific to that bacteria.
所以 如果我被细菌感染了,我的免疫系统被激活,开始制造抗体,这些抗体结合到细菌特异性的抗原上
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There's a region up here called the antigen binding region and those-- and there's two copies of that region and it's responsible for antigen binding.
在图片上部有个区域,被称作抗原结合区,而这些,而这里有两个抗原结合区,主要负责与抗原结合
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So, every time you're exposed to a new vaccine or a new antigen you go through this primary response before you have the secondary response.
所以,每当你接触到新疫苗或是新抗原,在再次免疫之前,机体将会经历这样的初次免疫过程
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The response to the second exposure in antigen is different in a couple of ways.
第二次接触相同抗原,免疫系统的应答,在以下几个方面是不同的
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Then, your muscle cells would start producing Hepatitis B surface antigen and your immune system recognizing that's a foreign protein would start responding to it.
于是,肌肉细胞将会,开始制造乙肝表面抗原,然后免疫系统就会识别出,那是外来蛋白质并且产生免疫应答
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We're going to use this special word "Antigen," and antigen has a very particular meaning.
我们将用到抗原这个特别的词,抗原有其独特意义
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From a technological perspective, antibodies are incredible tools because antibodies are molecules that are specifically designed to bind to a particular antigen or a particular chemical.
从技术角度上来说,抗体是一种令人难以置信的分子,它们被设计来,特异性地结合抗原,或者某种化学物质
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These are cells that recognize a particular antigen, they're ready to differentiate into antibody.
这些记忆细胞可识别相应的抗原,它们已经准备好分化产生抗体
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I realize that this thinking about antigen, antibody combinations and the mathematics of how strongly an antibody binds to a specific antigen, is maybe something that's new to you.
我觉得这些关于 抗原抗体结合,以及,抗体如何强有力地结合抗原的问题,对你们来说很新鲜
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What's variable about them is that they bind to a specific antigen.
它们可变的原因是,它们需要结合不同的抗原
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You introduce that antigen into a person, into me for example.
将这种抗原接种到一个人的体内,比如接种到我的体内
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This is a very potent molecule for binding to antigen.
这个抗体分子就具有强大的抗原结合能力
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But this antigen presenting cell is more likely a professional antigen presenting cell, or a subset of cells of your immune system that are specialized in ingesting foreign particles and displaying their contents to the rest of the immune system.
但这种抗原呈递细胞更加类似于,专职抗原呈递细胞,或者是体内免疫细胞中的一个亚群,专门从事吞噬异己物质,并告知免疫系统的其他细胞的工作
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Usually the cellular means that they get rid of is that instead of an antibody being produced, you activate a population of cells that will specifically go and hunt down the foreign antigen, or more commonly, cells that contain the foreign antigen.
通常细胞免疫意味着,不用生成抗体就能清除抗原,你激活了一个细胞类群,这一类群能够,并杀伤外源抗原,或者更常见的是,杀伤含有外源抗原的细胞
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The other part of the adaptive immune system is the cell mediated immune system and this is an immune where that doesn't involve antibodies but involves cells that are activated in response to a foreign antigen and that utilize cellular means to get rid of it.
获得性免疫系统还包括,细胞免疫,这一免疫反应不包含抗体,但包含可以被激活来应答,并清除外源抗原的免疫细胞
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The other thing that I want to do today is try to tie this discussion on vaccines a little bit more closely with what we talked about last week, in terms of what happens inside your body when you receive a vaccine or when you're exposed to an antigen, and how the immune system actually responds to that.
还有就是,我希望可以,把今天关于疫苗的讨论,与我们上周讲过的内容,结合得更紧密一些,当接种疫苗,或者是接触抗原时,人体将会发生怎样的变化,以及免疫系统对疫苗产生何种应答
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The antigen has to be presented to helper T-cells, those helper T-cells have to stimulate a B-cell population to both proliferate and differentiate.
抗原需要被呈递给辅助性T细胞,这些辅助性T细胞需要激活B淋巴细胞,使其增殖和分化
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So, that's antigen presentation to this population of cells called cytotoxic T-cells, Tc, a subset of the class of T-cells in the immune system.
这些细胞被呈递给另一种细胞,这些细胞被称为细胞毒性T细胞,是免疫系统中T淋巴细胞的亚群中的一种
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Now, for antibody production it is still a T-cell that recognizes the antigen presenting cell.
现在,抗体的产生,仍是源于T淋巴细胞识别出抗原呈递细胞
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They come from B-cells, they come from B-cells that are activated with a specific antigen.
抗体来自于B细胞,它们来自于被特别的抗原所激活的B细胞
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Because it has MHC-1, your MHC-1 on it, this T-cell recognizes that it's one of your cells but it has a foreign antigen associated with it.
因为该细胞上有MHC-1,T细胞将这些细胞识别为自身细胞,但这些细胞带有异己抗原
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Because at the end of the Y, there's a special region of the antibody, the antigen-binding region, that is highly tuned for binding to the antigen that stimulated them.
因为Y形抗体的末端,是抗体上非常特殊的一个区域,即抗原结合区域,这一区域高度特异性地,用于结合激活免疫的抗原
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In the case of the helper cells they stimulate a specific population of B-cells to mature into antibody producing cells, and that antibody is generated against the antigen that stimulated it.
以辅助性T细胞为例,辅助性T细胞刺激特定的B细胞,使这些细胞成长为抗体分泌细胞,抗体分泌细胞产生大量的抗体,以消灭大量增殖的抗原
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Well, one way to think about is they have more antigen binding sites and so they're going to be more efficient at neutralizing the pathogen on a per-molecule basis than IgG is.
可以这么考虑,因为IgM表面有更多的抗原结合位点,所以相对于IgG,IgM在分子层面上,能够更为有效地与病原体结合
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If we did the experiment where on this booster we included not only the initial antigen but some unrelated antigen, the response to the unrelated antigen called B here, looks like a primary response.
如果实验中我们使用的后续疫苗,不仅包括原抗原,还包括一些无关抗原,这里将对无关抗原的应答称为B,该应答就如同初次免疫一样
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Immune cells recognize it, and they recognize it by a very special form of receptor-ligand interaction where the ligand is MHC1 with the foreign antigen and the receptor is a receptor called the T-cell receptor complex.
免疫细胞识别出染病细胞,通过一种特殊形式的,受体配体协作机制识别出来,其中的配体是同,外源抗原共同出现的MHC1,而这其中受体是T细胞受体复合体
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