By 1860 there were approximately 4,000,000 slaves in the United States, the second largest slave society slave population--in the world.

截至1860年,美国大约有,四百万的奴隶,也因此使之成为了,世界历史上的第二大奴隶社会

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

But in 1860 American slaves, as a financial asset, were worth approximately three and a half billion dollars that's just as property.

但在1860年,美国奴隶作为财产所有,市值约35亿美元,只是作为财产而言

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

So the Suffolk Bank became a banker's bank and it lasted until 1860.

于是，Suffolk银行成为了银行主的银行,并且这一直持续到1860年。

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

Three and a half billion dollars was the net worth, roughly, of slaves in 1860.

860年,奴隶作为资产,市值约35亿美元

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

There's a very good reason Jefferson Davis becomes president of the confederacy in 1860.

杰斐逊·戴维斯之所以能在1860年,成为南部邦联总统

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

There were approximately 400,000 slaveholders, white slaveholders, in the American South by 1860.

截至1860年,美国南部,大约有四十万白人奴隶主

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

The cotton crop nearly doubled every decade from 1820 to 1860.

从1820年到1860年,棉花的产量每十年就翻一倍

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

I mean, the equivalent of a healthy teenage male slave, if you could sell him for $1000.00 in 1860 it's about the same price of a good Toyota Camry today.

我的意思是,一个健康的十几岁的男性奴隶的价值,假如你在1860年把他卖到一千美金的话,那么在今天就大约相当于,一辆不错的丰田佳美汽车的价格

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

The South had its greatest cotton crop ever in 1860.

860年棉花产量是南方有史以来最高的

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

Then from 1820 to 1860, the forty years before the war, an estimated roughly two million American slaves were sold to satisfy the need of slave labor in the great cotton kingdom of the growing Southwest.

之后从1820年到1860年,这战争前的四十年间,据粗略统计有大约两百万美国奴隶被出售,以满足西南部,这个日益增长的棉业帝国对奴隶劳工的需求

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

And I worked with that account book, because one of the two slaves I write about in this new book called A Slave No More I publish their two narratives was indeed a young 14-year-old teenager, sold out of North Carolina--from Snow Hill, North Carolina, he was sold in 1860 to Hector Davis in Richmond.

我研究过这本账簿,因为我在这本新著《从奴隶到自由》中,引用了两名奴隶的自述,当时他们年仅十四岁,其中一个从北卡罗来纳州,从北卡罗来纳的斯诺希尔被卖掉,在1860年被卖给了,里士满的赫克托·戴维斯

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

But if you look at 1860, the bottom map, if you can vaguely see those deep, dark, red areas, you can see where cotton moved, where slavery moved in the domestic slave trade, and then where Southern political power moved.

看看1860年,就在地图的最底部,如果你们能看到这些深红色的区域,你们就能明白棉花种植地的扩大,是如何导致奴隶需求量扩大的,同样变化的还有南方政权力量

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选