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They often involve networks of reactions, not just one enzyme but a series of enzymes that serve to amplify each other.
这些反应通常包括一个反应网络,不只是一种酶,而是一系列的酶来进行级联放大
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So, she is interested in how this molecule, gemcitabine, inhibits an enzyme. So, to do those studies, she needs to know a lot of the stuff on this list.
她对这个分子，二氟脱氧胞嘧啶核苷怎么抑制酶很感兴趣，要做这些研究。
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You then denature again, each one of these strands gets separated, primers bind, turn on the polymerase, a new strand is made.
然后你可以再次使产物链变性,使各链解旋,再结合引物,激活聚合酶,再生成新链
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There's a way to actually grind down and prepare the flour, so that you promote the enzymes within the plant to breakdown the cyanide precursors.
有一种方法是将它们磨碎，做成粉，这样就可以促进它们本身带有,酶将氰化物的前驱体分解掉。
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This restriction enzyme was found in a natural source, it was found in a micro-organism called E.coli.
这个限制性内切酶源于自然界,是从名为大肠杆菌的微生物中发现的
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Here the unique thing was that there's a restriction site inside that is present in normal DNA and not present in sickle DNA.
刚才例子中,特性就是在正常的基因中,有酶切位点,而在患者的基因中却没有
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So, that's kinetics -- how fast a reaction will go, and from the perspective of someone who's a biochemist, I'm interested in kinetics and enzyme kinetics, and thinking about molecules that catalyze reactions in the body.
所以这就是动力学，一个反应发生的有多快,从一个生物化学家的角度,我喜欢研究动力学,酶动力学。
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They do that in a very special way in that they - restriction enzymes are able to identify a particular sequence of bases in a gene.
限制性内切酶的工作机制很特别,它能识别基因中的一段特定的碱基序列
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Polymerase needs a primer and that turns out to be important.
聚合酶需要引物,这点非常重要
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A reaction performed by one enzyme creates a product that stimulates another enzyme that creates a product, and stimulates another enzyme, and through this cascade of reactions you amplify and carry the signal forward.
一种酶催化生成的产物会活化另一种酶,而它催化的产物又能激活其他酶,催化反应生成另一种产物,通过这层层反应,信号被放大,并不断向前传递
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Another family is receptor tyrosine kinases, I'll show another picture in a moment that tells you more about what a kinase is, but a kinase is basically an enzyme that can add a phosphorous to another molecule.
另一类是酪氨酸激酶受体,马上我给你们看另一张图,这张图会更详细地告诉你们激酶是什么,激酶是一种能够,向其他分子上添加磷酸基团的酶
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When it cuts it leaves sticky ends or un-base paired single stranded regions on each end of the part its cut and that's just a property of many restriction enzymes; not all, some cut blunt,just right down the middle.
它切割后会留下两个粘性末端,或者未配对的单链部分,这是许多限制性内切酶的特性,但不是全部,有些限制性内切酶是从中间钝切的
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If that protein is an enzyme then you've and you've switched it from an 'off' position where it's not catalyzing a reaction to an 'on' position where it is, you've changed the biochemical state of the cell, you've changed the chemical reactions that can occur within the cell, and you've changed its behavior.
如果这种蛋白是一种酶的话,你就能够将酶从无催化作用的静息态,激活至能催化反应的激活态,你改变了细胞的生化状态,也改变了细胞内发生的化学反应,改变了细胞的行为
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If this was a sickle patient, so they had this gene instead it wouldn't get cut and when I went to look for that presence of that gene on this gel, it would appear as one large segment instead of a large one and a smaller one.
而如果是个镰状红细胞贫血的病人,他们的基因是不会被限制酶切割的,因此他们基因的凝胶电泳结果就不会呈现,一大一小的结果,而只有一个大的片段
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One of the enzymes that often gets activated is an enzyme which converts ATP, a small molecule that is inside all of our cells.
在经常被激活的酶中有一种酶,其功能是转化ATP,ATP是一种,存在于所有细胞中的小分子物质
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It was found in strain R, a particular strain of E.coli, and it was the first one found, There's a nomenclature that's evolved for this.
酶被发现于R菌株,大肠杆菌中一种特别的菌株,又是被发现的第一种内切酶,有一种专门为此制定的命名法
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That restriction enzyme, there is a restriction enzyme that does that and it's MST-3.
确实存在这种限制酶,叫MST-3
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In this same way, this process of transcription which is occurring in cells throughout body all the time is made possible by a protein called RNA polymerase.
NA的合成也很类似,身体内每个细胞内,转录过程的进行都是在一种称作,RNA聚合酶的蛋白质催化下进行的
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I told you that that's driven by a protein called RNA polymerase.
此过程由称为RNA聚合酶的蛋白所介导
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HIV, HIV is a natural virus that contains an enzyme in it.
IV,HIV是一种自然病毒,里面有一种酶
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The polymerase starts a process of replication of your DNA sequences.
聚合酶使DNA序列开始复制
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Restriction enzymes are just a kind of enzyme, enzymes are protein molecules that make a chemical reaction go faster, and the chemical reaction that restriction enzymes do is cutting DNA.
限制性内切酶是一种酶,而酶是加速化学反应的蛋白质分子,限制性内切酶加速的化学反应,是切割DNA
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This gives you a biological mechanism for cutting, using restriction enzymes, and then you denature so that it falls apart, and then you renature so that it comes back together.
这是一种切割DNA的生物机制,用限制性内切酶,改变DNA的性质让它打开,然后让它合起来恢复它的性质
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If I took this same restriction enzyme and tried to cut the chromosomal DNA of a sickle patient, it wouldn't cut at that point because the wrong sequence is there.
而如果我用同样的限制酶,去切割病人的染色体DNA,那该酶是不会起作用的,因为基因序列不对
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The promoter in this case is called the lac promoter and normally in micro-organisms that lac promoter is used to produce a gene called lacZ which makes a protein called beta-galactosidase.
在这个例子中的启动子称作lac启动子,通常在微生物中,lac启动子是用来生成,一段叫lacZ的基因,这段基因,能制造一种蛋白叫β-半乳糖苷酶
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When a certain enzyme is activated inside cells, ATP gets converted into a molecule called cyclic AMP, and cyclic AMP is an example of one of these molecules called second messengers.
细胞内的某种酶被激活后,ATP就能转化为一种叫cAMP的分子,cAMP是一种第二信使分子的范例
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It gets produced in response to a signal so there's a binding of a ligand to a receptor, the enzyme that does this conversion is activated and more cycle AMP is released.
这类分子的产生是对信号做出的一种反应,当配体和受体结合时,催化这种转化过程的酶被激活,更多的cAMP释放出来
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Well one way you could do it is by saying 'if I have this one base pair difference then this sequence is going to be cut by a specific restriction enzyme that recognizes the sequence CTGAGGA'.
一种方法是通过考虑,"如果我有这个不同的碱基对,那该序列必然会,被特定的限制酶识别并切割,这个特定的限制酶能识别,CTGAGGA "
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In a normal cell DNA that DNA in the normal cell - this DNA gets cut by the restriction enzyme, so the sickle gene ends up - so that hemoglobin gene ends up in two pieces.
一个正常细胞的DNA,正常细胞里的DNA,会被限制酶所剪切,因此镰状血红蛋白基因--,不对,是正常血红蛋白基因被切成两段
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You add a special DNA polymerase called Taq polymerase And Taq polymerase is a polymerase that was identified, a DNA polymerase that was identified from an organism that lives in regions of the earth that are constantly at high temperature.
然后你加进一种特殊的,被称为Taq的DNA聚合酶,Taq聚合酶是已被鉴别出的聚合酶,这种DNA聚合酶是从一种生活在,地球上某些常年高温的区域中的,生物体内发现的
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