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A pancreas--cell in the pancreas, for example, needs to make insulin and so the gene for insulin is transcribed.
举个例子,一个胰腺细胞,要分泌胰岛素,那么编码胰岛素蛋白的基因就会被转录
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One example of a way people have used this, is that they've taken the gene that ordinarily produces a milk protein.
利用这种方式的一个例子就是,他们把原本产羊奶蛋白的基因剔除
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If you could introduce that gene you'd make the chemical, in this case it's a protein called vascular endothelial growth factor.
通过导入一种生成特殊化学物质的基因,这种疗法中指的是一种蛋白,叫做血管内皮生长因子
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It leads to expression of new genes, production of new proteins, and a change in a behavior of the cell.
这导致新基因表达,新蛋白合成,细胞行为发生改变
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If I could find the unique set of proteins that correspond to those genes I could define chemically what the cell is.
而我又能找到和这些基因对应的,这种独特的蛋白,我就能通过化学手段确认这是哪种细胞
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They basically make many, many copies of their DNA and they make all of their viral proteins and they assemble into new viral units.
它们会生成不计其数的病毒基因拷贝,并翻译生成病毒蛋白,组装成新的病毒单位
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They put a gene like the insulin gene in place of the milk protein, but behind the promoter that is used to produce milk proteins.
人们将产羊奶蛋白的基因,换成了胰岛素基因,在启动子后面的基因,原本是编码羊奶蛋白的
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It's on the gene for hemoglobin and the hemoglobin that you produce if you have sickle cell anemia is not quite right because there's one base difference.
这个缺陷基因和血红蛋白有关,如果你有镰状红细胞贫血症,那你所产生的血红蛋白就不太正常,因为这里有一个碱基不同
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They do that because they can control the expression of genes.
它们能正确地合成蛋白,是因为它们可以调控基因的表达
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To make insulin, for example, your cells of your pancreas have to be transcribing that gene, it has to be processed, has to be translated into the protein insulin.
举例来说,如果要合成胰岛素,你的胰腺细胞必须先转录那一段基因,然后进行加工,继而翻译成为胰岛素蛋白
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When a gene gets expressed, that means its protein is produced.
一段基因得到表达,就意味着合成它所编码的蛋白
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Here's an example where we'd like to make insulin, or having the insulin gene would be useful, but if we could take the insulin gene and make many copies of the insulin protein that would be a very useful thing.
例子就是我们人工制造胰岛素,胰岛素基因就很有用,但如果我们可以用胰岛素基因,复制很多胰岛素蛋白,这将会是非常有裨益的一件事
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Out of all the genes that are on the human genome which fraction is this particular cell using, which fraction is it expressing determines what proteins are present in the cell, determines what work or what activities the cell can engage in.
人类基因组全部基因中的,特定细胞所表达的基因片段,细胞表达的是哪段基因,决定了细胞中存在什么样的蛋白,决定了细胞会有什么样的功能,或者参与何种生命活动
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These are two examples I just gave you of introducing genes that affect the life of a cell, either by making it express a protein that it's not making properly that's important to its life, or by intentionally killing a cell by having it express a fatal gene.
刚才我所举两个例子,都只是影响单一细胞生命过程的,无论是使无法正常表达的重要蛋白,正常表达也好,或是有意地,导入致命的基因杀死细胞也好
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It gets converted into a protein, insulin, only in those cells that are able to make the RNA that are able to express the protein.
只有在能表达,胰岛素蛋白RNA的细胞里,基因才能指导产生胰岛素
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In this case, it says it's GCSF, but it could also be insulin, for example.
在这个例子中,目标蛋白基因被称为GCSF,但它也可以是,例如胰岛素基因
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If you have normal hemoglobin you have this sequence here, CCTGAGGAG.
正常血红蛋白的基因序列是这样的,CCTGAGGAG
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The promoter in this case is called the lac promoter and normally in micro-organisms that lac promoter is used to produce a gene called lacZ which makes a protein called beta-galactosidase.
在这个例子中的启动子称作lac启动子,通常在微生物中,lac启动子是用来生成,一段叫lacZ的基因,这段基因,能制造一种蛋白叫β-半乳糖苷酶
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In a normal cell DNA that DNA in the normal cell - this DNA gets cut by the restriction enzyme, so the sickle gene ends up - so that hemoglobin gene ends up in two pieces.
一个正常细胞的DNA,正常细胞里的DNA,会被限制酶所剪切,因此镰状血红蛋白基因--,不对,是正常血红蛋白基因被切成两段
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A section of DNA that is responsible for encoding a gene, let's say it's the insulin gene for example, might be some stretch of DNA on a certain chromosome inside your cells, inside the cells of the pancreas.
一段编码蛋白的DNA序列,我们就拿编码胰岛素的基因来举个例子,它也许是一段DNA基因序列,位于你胰腺细胞里的,某条染色体上
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What we're going to do is take this plasmid, with its promoter gene construct in it and engineer it, to take out the lacZ gene, leaving in the promoter and putting in the protein that we want - the gene for the protein that we want.
我们要做的就是提取包含,它自己的启动子基因的质粒,并对其进行一些修改,剔除lacZ基因,留下启动子,把我们的目标蛋白植入--,我们生产目标蛋白的基因
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