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Let's begin with the internet people. The internet people wanted convergence with the telephone and later television networks, because they wanted ubiquitous.
让我们从互联网人开始说起,互联网人想要和电话以及后来的,电视网络聚合，因为他们无所不在。
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Then after that you began to see the convergence of the old and new, the integration of the old and new.
在那之后你们开始看到新旧的聚合,新旧的整合。
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And if you maintained it in the right way, this polymer scaffold together with the skin cells will grow into skin.
如果培养方法得当,这个聚合物支架与这些皮肤细胞,会融合形成皮肤
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Now let's say that we're into polymers. We know what plastic is.
现在假设我们知道聚合物，我们就知道塑料是什么。
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These other instruments are filling in these things at various spots to produce this aggregate of the chord.
这些不同的乐器在不同的点上聚合成了一个和弦。
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I'm interested in nonaqueous electrochemistry, so molten salts and polymers, the applied research. First of all, interested in environmentally sound technologies for extraction, refining, recycling of metals.
我对非水溶剂电化学感兴趣，还有熔盐和聚合物，以及应用性研究，首先，对环保型技术提取感兴趣,如金属的提取和精炼，以及循环回收。
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So let's talk about convergence, convergence of the internet, telephone and television networks.
因此让我们讨论一下聚合，互联网,电话和电视网络的聚合。
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So this was a bit of joke and surprise made them angry about this convergence. Then something even worse happened. People started to talk about using the internet to carry voice conversations for free.
所以这有种开玩笑和惊奇的意味,使他们对聚合很生气，而后更,糟糕的事发生了，人们开始谈论关于,使用互联网免费传输声音会话。
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Here is a thin membrane, it's a polymer scaffold, and on that polymer scaffold scientists have placed some skin cells and they've allowed it to grow.
这是一张薄膜,它是一个聚合物支架,在这个支架上,科学家放了一些皮肤细胞,并让它们生长
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This is solid state up here, aggregates of atoms.
这是固体，是原子的聚合物。
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You then denature again, each one of these strands gets separated, primers bind, turn on the polymerase, a new strand is made.
然后你可以再次使产物链变性,使各链解旋,再结合引物,激活聚合酶,再生成新链
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Here's a way that you can do it in a test tube without using any cells by this process called Polymerase Chain Reaction.
但有一个方法可以让你在试管中完成,不用细胞,这个方法叫聚合酶链式反应
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They bring into proximity an amino acid so that instead of forming a new polymer of a nucleic acid, a polymer of an amino acids is formed.
同时它所携带氨基酸相互邻接,从而形成了一个氨基酸聚合物,而非核酸聚合物
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You load them into the top of a gel and a gel is - in this case it's synthetic polymer gel but it looks very much like Jell-O.
你把它安置在一段凝胶上,凝胶是--,这种合成凝胶聚合物看上去很像吉露果冻
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And once again we, our ears,hear this aggregate of sound and then we say, "Oh,it's got that,that,that,that," and we extrapolate out of that information that it is this particular chord.
然后再来听到这样的声音的聚合，然后我们可以说，“哦，到了那里，那里，那里，那里”,然后我们能够推断出这就是我们所指的那个和弦。
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Polymerase needs a primer and that turns out to be important.
聚合酶需要引物,这点非常重要
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We're familiar with polymers, plastics in our daily life; the chairs that you're sitting on are made of a kind of a plastic polymer that is basically an organic chemical that is cross-linked together.
我们应该很熟悉聚合物,比如日常生活中的塑料就是,你们坐的椅子,就是由一种塑料聚合物构成,它由基本的有机化学物质交联在一起
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And we pointed out, however,that one individual has a--the music that has all of these parts on it--and that, of course,is the conductor who has the full conducting score-- the full score--in front of him or her.
我们可以指出，这样的个体，音乐将所有的零碎的部分聚合在了一起，而这样，指挥家拥有整个乐曲的谱子-,就在他或她的面前。
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A polymer is just a large molecule that's made up of repeated units.
聚合物就是由,重复单位构成的大分子
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The technique I want to talk about is one called Polymerase Chain Reaction.
我想讲的技术是聚合酶链式反应
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I could make this out of polymer.
可以用聚合物来做。
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A polymer of amino acids is a protein.
而氨基酸聚合物就是蛋白质
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The nucleotide has a directionality, there's an up and a down to it and it's going to turn out the chain that's formed by polymerizing these has a directionality as well and that's important in defining the structure.
核苷酸有方向性,有上端和下端,核苷酸长链,是由核苷酸沿一个特定方向聚合而成的,这在定义结构时很重要
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Things like steel and polymers, or plastics, and ceramics, and of course computers which has progressed remarkably due to the work of engineers in your lifetime, until now you can carry around a cell phone, which would have been unthinkable even 30 years ago.
包括钢铁,聚合物,塑料,陶瓷,当然,计算机这个在你们的有生之年,已经取得令人瞩目的进展的发明,也得归功于工程师的工作,现在你们的手机能随身携带,而这在三十年前是不可想象的
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Cross-linked is not the right word-- that is chemically bonded with repeat units to make large molecules so that when you have a bunch of large molecules together they have certain physical properties like the solid property of the plastic that you're sitting on.
交联这个词不确切,应该是由化学键连接的,重复单位构成大分子,当许多分子聚合在一起后,它们就会具有某种物理特性,就像你们正坐着的,塑料一样,具有固体特性
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The reason that 3' is important is that when you polymerize two nucleotides together and a third nucleotide, and a fourth nucleotide, when you polymerize nucleotides together they get polymerized, the phosphate of one gets linked to the 3' carbon of another.
'碳部位重要是因为,当你把两个核苷酸聚合在一起,然后再聚合第三个,第四个的时候,核苷酸在聚合时,磷酸基与另外一个戊糖的3'碳部位连接
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RNA polymerase is smart, it knows where it needs to go in order to make the copy of RNA that's required.
NA聚合酶很聪明,它知道该由什么位置介入,来转录所需要的RNA
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Translation occurs by a special kind of polymerization where these transfer RNA's operate by Watson-Crick base pairing.
翻译过程是一种特殊的聚合过程,当tRNA按照,沃森克里克碱基互补配对原则进行配对
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You first separated your DNA, let the primers bind, then turn on the enzyme, and it makes copies of each one of these.
首先解旋DNA双链,使引物结合,接着激活聚合酶,最终得到各链的复制产物
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When these nucleotides get polymerized to form a long DNA molecule they all get polymerized in exactly the same way, the chemistry is the same.
当这些核苷酸多聚化,形成一条长链DNA分子时,它们的聚合方式和,化学结构都完全相同
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