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One is that cells form tissues that are mechanically intact, they have mechanical integrity because they can adhere to one another.
一是具有机械完整性的组织是由细胞构成,组织之所以具有机械完整性,是因为细胞能够互相黏附在一起
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They might ingest extracellular antigen, presented pieces of it on their cell surface in the context of MHC-2.
它们可以吞噬胞外抗原,根据细胞表面的,主要组织相容性抗原-2
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This example here, the idea is to introduce a gene into tumor cells of a tumor.
这里的这个例子思路是,将一个基因导入肿瘤组织的肿瘤细胞中
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One, at the first level, what are the cells that make up that tissue?
其一,在第一个层次上,构成那个组织的是哪些细胞呢
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and tissues are collections of cells that are working in synchrony for some function.
组织则是一些,同步完成相同功能的细胞的集合
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The main function of all your cells, and all your tissues, and all your organs is to maintain this homeostasis, which allows you to live in a changing environment.
你所有细胞,所有的组织,所有的器官最主要的功能,就是维护这个内稳态,使你能够以不变应万变
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often a biologist can discriminate between different kinds of cells that they see in section of a tissue for example, merely by its shape and the characteristics that it has.
生物学家经常可以在组织切片上,仅凭所看见的细胞形状来区分不同细胞,如果举例来说的话,仅通过细胞的形状和特性就足够
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So action potentials are used by tissues in different ways to send signals from one cell to another or from one end of one cell to another end of the cell.
所以组织以不同的方式利用动作电位,将信号从一个细胞传递到另一个细胞,或从一个神经末梢到另一个神经末梢
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A progenitor cell, the definition, it just means it can generate the cells that are typical of that tissue or that organ, so it's capable of becoming these mature classes of cells.
祖细胞的定义就是,它能产生那个器官或者组织内的,所有的典型细胞,所以它可以成为那一类的成熟细胞
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There are cells within your body that are always in the process of division and forming new cells, and sometimes this is for a tissue where cells only have a finite lifetime.
你体内的一些细胞,始终在不断分裂,并生成新的细胞,很多时候,是在一些细胞寿命有限的组织中
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How do those differences between cells contribute to the properties of the tissues, which contribute to the properties of the organs, which contribute to the properties of a person and this maintenance of homeostasis?
这些差异化的细胞,是如何构成具有不同属性的组织,这些组织又构成具有不同属性的器官,器官又构成了不同的人,它们是如何维护内稳态呢
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Then we talked a little bit about the sort of physics of what holds cells together to form a collection of cells, a tissue and to make up the structure of our body.
之后我们也谈了一点有关于,使细胞聚集形成组织,进而成为身体架构的物理原理
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So organs are made up of combinations of tissues where all the tissues are collections of cells that are doing some function, nervous tissue, muscular tissue, epithelial tissue, those are examples of tissues that form organs.
所以器官是由各种组织组合而成,所有的组织都是,具有某些功能的细胞集合,神经组织,肌肉组织,上皮组织,这些都是由组织构成器官的例子
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The reason is that because of the ways that different microorganisms take the ways the different microorganisms reproduce and damage cells and tissue within your body, you need different ways to respond to them effectively.
因为不同的微生物以不同的方式,以不同的方式繁殖,和损害体内的组织和细胞,你需要多种有效的免疫反应来对付它们
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So, there's a continuum of electrical connection in the heart that allows an action potential to sweep across the surface of the heart and for the heart to beat in a coordinated fashion.
所以 心脏细胞有电偶联的连结组织,以使动作电位平稳在细胞表面传递,保证心脏的协调性跳动
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The connective tissue is one of those four main types of tissue, they're supporting material - supporting tissues that surround other cells in the body and give the cell - and give the body much of its mechanical property.
结缔组织是四种主要组织类型中的一种,它们是支持物--是,包围在体内其它细胞周围的支持组织,并赋予身体大部分的机械性能
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What extracellular matrix you have in any particular tissue is there because there's a balance between it being produced by one kind of cell and digested by another, and you're in this sort of state of dynamic equilibrium.
特定组织中,细胞外基质的多少,取决于一个,分泌与降解的平衡,这是一种动态的平衡关系
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We'll talk about cells and how they work, how cells in different parts of the body are different, why, and how they contribute to tissues at a very sort of simple level so that you can understand this as we start thinking about using cells for engineering purposes.
我们将会谈论细胞,它们如何工作,身体不同的部位细胞有怎样的不同,为什么它们有所不同,以及这些细胞如何,以十分简单的方式形成组织,这样当我们开始考虑用细胞,来满足工程目的时,你会更容易理解
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This is introducing a gene, it's a natural gene but it's not - it's a natural gene that's found in humans and is actually expressed all over your body in different levels, but you're concentrating it or over expressing it in one particular region of tissue in order to have a particular effect.
通过导入一个基因,这是一个天然基因但--,是一种于人体内发现的天然基因,在全身细胞中都有不同程度表达,但需要集中在组织的某一特定区域,表达或过表达,才能达到特定疗效
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MHC1 is a word, MHC stands for major histocompatibility complex and it's one of the things that distinguishes my cells from your cells, from your parents cells, from your roommates cells.
HC1这个词,MHC代表主要组织相容性复合体,通过它可以区分你和我的细胞,也可以区分你和你父母,及你室友的细胞
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