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So why don't you go ahead and identify the correct electron configuration for carbon, 6 and I'll tell you that z is equal to 6 here.
所以你们为什么不开始,而且识别碳的正确的在你们做作业方面,电子构型，我会告诉你有效电荷量是。
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So, if we think about the second case here where we have c n minus, now we're talking about a molecule with a net charge of negative 1.
那么，如果我们考虑的是第二个例子,也就是氰离子，那么现在我们讨论的是一个净电荷量为负一的分子。
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So this is how much charge there is in a mole of electrons.
这就是在一摩尔的电子里,的电荷量。
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But what you should be able to do is take a look at a list of answers for what we're saying z effective might be, and determining which ones are possible versus which ones are not possible.
但是你们应该能够做到的,是看一下这个可能的,有效电荷量的答案列表，并且确定哪些是可能的,哪些是不可能的。
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The first is this the z effective, or how much charge is actually in the nucleus that's felt, Z or the I guess we would say the z, how much the charge is on the nucleus that holds it close together.
第一个是有效核电量，或者说实际感受到的核电荷量，又或者我想我可以说就是，使它们保持在一起的,原子核的电荷量。
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It turns out, and we're going to get the idea of shielding, so it's not going to actually +18 feel that full plus 18, but it'll feel a whole lot more than it will just feel in terms of a hydrogen atom where we only have a nuclear charge of one.
结果是我们会有,屏蔽的想法,所以它不会是完整的，但是它会比原子核电荷量,吸引力要大很多,只有1的氢原子的。
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So the most basic answer that doesn't explain why is just to say well, the s orbital is lower in energy than the p orbital, but we now have a more complete answer, so we can actually describe why that is.
所以最基本的答案是那没有解释,所以我们事实上可以描述，为什么是那样，但是我们现在有一个更复杂的答案，又是有效电荷量。
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So that means if we add up all of the formal charges within the molecule, what we would expect to see is that they sum up to give a net charge of negative 1.
那么这就意味着如果我们把这个分子中,所有的形式电荷加起来，我们应该会看到它们加起来,之后得到的净电荷量为负一。
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So in our first structure, we would find for the nitrogen we have a formal charge 5 minus 4 minus 2, because we're starting with 5 valence electrons, so that is a formal charge of minus 1.
那么在我们的第一个结构中，我们发现氮的形式电荷量是五减去四4,再减去二，因为我们开始有五个价电子，因此它的形式电荷量是负一。
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So our minimum that we're going to see is that the smallest we can have for a z effective 1 is going to be equal to 1.
所以我们能够看到的,最小的有效电荷量,等于。
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So we should be able to calculate a z effective for any atom that we want to talk about, as long as we know what that ionization energy is.
我们应该可以计算出任何一个,我们想要谈论的原子的有效电荷量，只要我们知道电离能是多少。
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So, how could he know that the charge on the two particles was equal?
就是这两种粒子,电荷量是相等的？
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So we end up with a formal charge on carbon of negative 1.
因此最终我们得到碳的形式电荷量是负一。
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And what you find out if you do these calculations, is that you have a negative 1 for your formal charge on nitrogen, you have a negative 2 for your formal charge on carbon, and you have a positive 2 for your formal charge on sulfur.
而如果你做了这些计算会发现，氮的形式电荷量为负一，碳的形式电荷量为负二，而硫的形式电荷量为正二。
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So what is the charge on a helium nucleus?
那么氦原子核的电荷量是多少呢？
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What is the charge of the nucleus?
原子核的电荷量是多少？
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And the point that I also want to make is the way that they differ, z effective actually differs from the total charge in the nucleus due to an idea called shielding.
我也想指出的一点是它们不同的方式,有效的z事实上不同于原子核的，总电荷量,因为屏蔽效应。
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And what we're actually talking about again is the zeffective. So that z effective felt by the 2 p is going to be less than the z effective felt by the 2 s.
我们实际上所谈论的,所以被2p感觉到的,的有效电荷量,有效电荷量小于2s感觉到。
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We know that it has to be equal to less than 2, because even if we had absolutely no shielding at 2 all, the highest z effective we could have is 2, so it makes perfect sense that we have a z effective that falls somewhere in the middle of those two.
我们知道它必须小于，因为即使完全没有一点屏蔽,最高的有效的z是，所以我们得到的有效电荷量处于,两者之间就非常讲得通了,让我们来看看另一个例子。
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So we know that we can relate to z effective to the actual energy level of each of those orbitals, and we can do that using this equation here where it's negative z effective squared r h over n squared, we're going to see that again and again.
我们知道我们可以将有效电荷量与,每个轨道的实际能级联系起来，我们可以使用方程去解它,乘以RH除以n的平方,它等于负的有效电荷量的平方,我们将会一次又一次的看到它。
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