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So, Descartes would walk around the French Royal Gardens and the French Royal Gardens were set up like a seventeenth-century Disneyland.
笛卡尔曾经在法国皇家园林中散步,当时的法国皇家园林被建造得,犹如17世纪的迪斯尼乐园一般
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World War One has an enormous impact on the way people viewed themselves, in France and everywhere; everybody knew people who died in the war.
一战对人们如何,看待自己产生巨大的影响,在法国和其他所有地方,每个人都有认识的人在战争中死去
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As I said at the beginning, in the philosophical literature, this has become known as the problem of dirty hands so named after a famous play written by the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre.
正如我一开始所说的，在哲学作品中,这已经作为脏手问题而闻名,自从法国哲学家萨特写下,一部非常有名的戏剧之后。
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He was writing to a foreign--a French--correspondent.
在写给一名外国,一名法国记者的信中
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I'll tell you, in the south of France near where we live, when there was a lot of resistance in World War II against the Germans, there were some Protestant villages there that were noteworthy for their resistance.
例如在法国南部,当时我们住所的附近,有一些新教徒的村子,这些村民们在二战中奋力抗击德国的入侵,并因为他们的不屈抗争而闻名
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In 1875 there's an amendment to the Constitution that essentially- voted by one vote,or approved by one vote, by the Assembly--that essentially transforms France into a Republic.
875年有个宪法修正案,本质上--,它在一次议会投票表决中,得到了支持--本质上把法国变成了共和国
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And that's what he did. And for the point of view of France, they emerged from the war with the reality that they are in victory a weaker nation than Germany is in defeat.
他就是这么干的,从法国这边来看,他们在战后的现实中发现,他们作为一个战胜国,比德国一个战败国还要弱小
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The myth, perpetuated by De Gaulle, the big guy, was that in France everybody had resisted except for a few elites, and then France had risen up to follow his great shadow and had thrown off the oppressor and founded a republic.
传说中,这也被戴高乐延续了,大个子,在法国每个人,除了一小撮精英以外都参与了抵抗,然后法国跟随着他的光辉,崛起了,赶走了压迫者,建立了共和国
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He makes clear that he is going to restore the church to its, what he considered rightful place of privilege in France; and, possibly,he could benefit from the wave of religious revival that occurs in France in the 1870s.
他很聪明,想要把教会恢复到,他认为是法国特权应有的地位,以及,说不定,他能从十九世纪七十年代,兴起的宗教复兴运动中捞到好处
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After the French Revolution and Napoleon, and Napoleon makes peace with the church, there is,all of a sudden, a revival with people forming religious confraternities, of people paying to rebuild churches that have been vandalized during the Revolution, where they're melting down church bells to use as cannon and things like that.
在法国大革命和拿破仑时代,与教会达成和解协议之后,突然间,出现了宗教团体的复兴,人们斥资重建那些,在大革命中被肆意毁坏的教堂,当时人们把教堂大钟熔化了,去造大炮之类的东西
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There was a famous case in the 1970s or '80s, there was a family called Trognon, and a trognon is a cigarette butt, and when they tried to adopt a baby, it would be called, let's say Jean-Philippe Trognon, they said,"oh,no, that baby would be damaged by having such a last name; you don't have the right to adopt this baby."
在上世纪七八十年代有一个出名的案例中,这家人姓特鲁侬,意思是香烟屁股,他们想要领养一个婴儿,取名为,简·菲利佩·特鲁侬,法国人说,不不,取这样一个名字有损于这个婴儿,你们不能领养这个孩子
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