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We don't have to just stick with carbon, we can think about describing other types of atoms as well using this hybridization.
我们不用局限于碳，我们可以考虑利用杂化轨道,描述其它类型的原子。
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So you see in the hybrid orbital we actually have a larger lobe on top where they constructively interfered.
所以你们可以看到在杂化轨道里,我们上面,由很大的一叶相长干涉。
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If I now hybridize these, if I take these and I make four symmetric, now, these are just the sp3 orbitals.
如果我将他们杂化，然后形成4个对称的轨道，这就是sp3轨道。
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And to do this we're going to introduce valence bond theory, and the idea of hybridization of orbitals.
在这之前我们要引入价电子成键理论，和杂化轨道的概念。
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So we can actually constructively and destructively combine these waves, these atomic orbitals to make a hybrid.
我们可以相长,和相消叠加这些波，这些原子轨道可以杂化。
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All right, what if I were able to mix these orbitals and produce what he called hybrid bonds?
如果我可以将这些轨道混合起来,成杂化轨道会怎么样呢？
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So this is a case where we have resonance structures, or we call this a resonance hybrid.
因此在这种情况下我们就有了共振结构，或者我们叫它共振杂化。
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All right, so let's consider our methane situation now that we have our hybrid orbitals.
好，让我们考虑甲烷的情形,既然我们有了杂化轨道。
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So we're going to finish talking about molecular orbital theory, we'll switch over to discussing bonding in larger molecules, even larger than diatomic, so we'll move on to talking about valence bond theory and hybridization.
我们要结束关于分子轨道理论的讨论，转向讨论大分子的成键，比二原子分子更大的分子，我们会继续讨论价电子成键理论,和杂化。
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So again, if we think about that shape of that carbon atom, it's going to be trigonal planar, 120° it's going to have bond angles of 120 degrees, because we have this set up of having three hybrid orbitals.
如果我们考虑碳原子的形状，它是平面三角形，键角是，因为我们有这三个杂化轨道。
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So that leaves each carbon with only one hybrid orbital left.
这样每个碳原子只剩下一个杂化轨道。
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So again, looking at the shapes, now we're just combining two, we've got these two equal hybrid orbitals plus these 2 p orbitals here.
同样，我们看它的形状，现在我们仅仅结合两个轨道，我们得到这两个杂化轨道,和两个p轨道。
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He did some hybridization of methane.
就是甲烷的杂化。
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If we think about bringing in those last two carbons, what you can see is that for every carbon, two of its hybrid orbitals are being used to bond to other carbons.
如果我们考虑引入最后两个碳原子，你会看到的是对于每个碳原子，其中的两个杂化轨道,和另外的碳原子成键。
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And an important thing to remember when we talk about resonance hybrids is that the structure it's not 1/2 the time this structure, and 1/2 of the time this structure, it's actually some combination or some average between the two structures.
而当我们讨论共振杂化的时候,有一件重要的事情需要牢记,那就是这种结构并不是,一半时间处于这种结构的状态，而另外一半时间又变成了这种结构的状态，它实际上是两种结构在,一定程度上的组合或者平均。
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So if we go ahead and hybridize our p orbitals and our s orbitals, we'll switch from having these original orbitals to having something called hybrid orbitals.
如果我们,杂化p轨道和s轨道，我们会从原来的轨道,变成一个叫杂化轨道的东西。
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We got them from combining again, 1 s orbital and the 3 p orbitals. If we hybridize these, what we end up seeing are these four hybrid orbitals.
我们把1s轨道，和3p轨道结合而得到它们，如果我们杂化它们，我们最后会看到4个杂化轨道。
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So if you picture this as our s p 2 carbon atom where we have three hybrid orbitals, and then one p y orbital coming right out at us.
如果你把这想象成sp2碳原子,这里有3个杂化轨道，然后一个py轨道朝向我们。
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So it's along the bond axis and it's between a carbon s p 2 hybrid, and then the hydrogen is just a 1 s orbital that we're combining here.
所以它是沿着键轴方向的,而且这里是一个碳sp2杂化轨道，和一个氢的1s轨道的结合,在这里我们可以合并他们。
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And if we think about the six hydrogens, now each of those are going to bind by combining one of the carbon hybrid orbitals to a 1 s orbital of hydrogen.
如果我们考虑有六个氢原子，每个都会合起来,碳杂化轨道成键,每个氢的1s轨道。
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This bond is polar, but again, as I alluded to earlier, because the carbon is centered in the tetrahedron, because of the sp3 hybridization, the molecule itself is symmetric and nonpolar.
这个键是非极性的，但是，我们断言过早，因为C是中心原子，由于sp3杂化，这个分子本身是非极性的且对称的。
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PROFESSOR: All right, start again, what's the hybridization of the carbon atom?
好了，再说一遍，碳原子的杂化轨道是什么？
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So let's switch to thinking about oxygen hybridization here.
让我们考虑一下氧的杂化。
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So it's going to be carbon, and then what's the hybridization here?
这是碳，杂化的什么样的？
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Remember, we didn't hybridize the 2 p y orbital, so that's what we have left over to form these pi bonds.
记住，我们并没有杂化2py轨道，这是我们剩下的那个行成了π键。
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So let's quickly talk about our last type of hybridization that we're going to discuss today, which is s p hybridization.
我们今天要讨论的最后一个类型的杂化,也就是sp杂化。
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s -- we don't have to hybridize it, it already has only one unpaired electron in a 1 s orbital.
s-我们不用杂化它，它已经有而且仅有一个未配对电子在s轨道里。
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So this is a little bit trickier to look at and see what it means, but essentially we have two hybrid orbitals, which are shown in blue here, and then we have one p orbital that's left alone that's going up and down on the page.
看这个图肯能会觉得比较诡异，但本质上，骂我们有两个杂化轨道，这里用蓝色表示，还有剩下一个p轨道,在图中上下方向上。
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Again, the name is very straightforward, it comes from 1 s and 2 p orbital, so it will be s p 2.
所以，如果我们杂化这三个轨道，我们最后会得到的是sp2杂化轨道，同样，这个名字是很直接的。
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So in s p 2 hybridization, instead of combining all four, we're just combining two of the p orbitals with the s orbital.
这样就能得到sp2杂化，在sp2杂化中，不是四个轨道结合。
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