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Tajfel The psychologist Tajfel after World War II was interested in the question of what could make a group.
二战后一位心理学家,很有兴趣研究群体是如何形成的。
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By that I mean psychological framing, and there are many psychologists who talk about this, but notably Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky.
我指的是心理框架，有很多心理学家研究过这个问题，最著名的是丹尼尔·卡内曼和阿莫斯·特沃斯基。
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And as a starting point there's a lovely quote from the psychologist and philosopher William James that I want to begin with.
作为开始,有一个可爱的引言,是心理学家和哲学家,威廉，詹姆斯说的,我想用它做开始。
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There is a lot of research in psychology, a lot of evidence that shows how difficult change is.
心理学的研究有很多，很多证据显示，改变是非常困难的事。
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We even have entire disciplines like economics and psychology and I dare even say modern political science that reinforced this view of human nature.
看吧，我们有一整套经济学,和心理学的理论服务于个人,而且我敢说，在现代政治科学上,更是强调了人的个体特性。
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We have freshmen in the class, we have graduate students in the class, we have people from business backgrounds, art backgrounds, psychology, science, just about everything.
我们的课堂上有新生,有研究生,还有从事商业的,从事艺术,心理学,理学等方向的人
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Anybody who take psychology courses, neurobiological courses?
有谁修了心理学课程,或者神经学课程
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I am convinced that you cannot study the mind solely by looking at the discipline of psychology.
我坚信,仅仅局限于心理学学科的学习,是不可能让你有能力去研究人类心理的
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How many psychologists are familiar ? with this new emerging field of the mind and the body?
有多少心理学家了解,这个心理和生理的新领域？
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So, to sum up, there are three main findings about you that come out in social psychology.
总结一下，在社会心理学里有三个,关于自我的主要发现。
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Philosophers and psychologists who fall under the constrained vision create them, philosophies and psychologies and institutions and systems to channel our flawed and imperfect nature.
执有这种观点的,哲学家和心理学家创造了它们，创建了人生哲学，心理学，各种机构和体系,来引导我们有缺点的不完美的人性。
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One person actually took the primer in positive psychology and she translated it into Japanese.
有一位学生把积极心理学初级课本,翻译成日语。
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Well,in the context of a psychology course, it's anything but trivial that change is possible.
在心理学上，改变是有可能的，这点十分重要。
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I have a friend who's a social psychologist who told me a story once that really made me very nervous, although she's fine.
我有一个社会心理学家朋友,她曾经给我说过一个故事,让我很紧张，虽然她现在一切都好。
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How many people here are either psych majors or expect to become psych majors or cognitive science as though you could raise your hand to?
有多少学生是主修心理学的,或者准备选心理学作为主修的？,或者准备选认知学作为主修的？,有的话请举起手？
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That's why we don't have partly any humanistic psychology classes offered in universities today.
所以很少有大学开设人本主义心理学。
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So, here's a simple example of the unconscious in modern psychology: Language understanding.
现代心理学中有一个简单的无意识的例子：,就是语言理解。
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I mean Think about it: how many people outside this room of course ? have read the last twelve issues of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology?
想想看，这间教室之外有多少人,读过最近12期《个性与社会心理学》杂志？
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Psychologists for decades had very good intentions about helping at risk population.
数十年来的心理学家都有很好的意愿,想帮助高危人群。
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It turns out that these different smiles have real psychological validity.
这说明这些不同的微笑,有真正的心理学效用。
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So, there's various psychological mechanisms that this gives rise to.
所以，这里有各种各样的,心理学机制。
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And a large part of social psychology concerns the way in which we present ourselves to other people so as to make the maximally positive impression even when that impression isn't true.
社会心理学中也有很大一部分内容,在关注我们向他人展现自己的方式,人们会尽力使积极印象最大化,即使留下的印象是虚假的。
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That's not a scientific term but the same psychologists were interested in studying how quickly you can-- if at all how long does it take to figure out somebody's sexual orientation?
这不是一个科学术语,这两位心理学家也很有兴趣研究,你能多快…,如果对方真的是同性恋,就能猜出他们的性取向？
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One of the most robust and replicated findings in education or developmental psychology is very simple.
教育或发展心理学有一个，有有一个,很充分，而且经常被人引用的简单发现。
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The non-interesting psychological answer, some people are better looking and there's more thing-- but the deeper answer is some people are better able to smile.
无聊的心理学答案，有些人更漂亮，有更多-,深刻点的答案，有些人更擅长微笑。
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I'm curious-- how many of you here are interested in applying the science of positive psychology in your own personal life as part of why you are her.
我想知道有多少人,对将积极心理学应用于,生活中感兴趣。
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How many of you are here because you are also potentially interested in applying the science of positive psychology in your future career decisions, in your job eventually? Ok.
有多少人选择这门课,是因为有兴趣在未来事业中,应用积极心理学，在工作中？，好的。
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And this is called the Pratfall Effect, that our liking for the competent person grows when they make a mistake, when they do something embarrassing, when they have a failure experience. Okay?
心理学上，这叫“失态效应，我们对有能力之人的喜爱之情再次升华,当他们犯错，出洋相，经历很衰的事情时？
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What's the psychology of moral feeling?"
道德情感又有什么心理学函义？
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The reason is because there are two different approaches to deal with illness: one,the positive psychological approach is that the illness is the absence of health, as opposed to health is the absence of illness.
究其原因，是因为有两种不同的方法,对付疾病，一是积极心理学方法,它指的是，疾病相当于不健康，相对地，健康等于没疾病。
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