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Is Lycidas an appropriate expression of grief over the death of Edward King, and furthermore, ? does it console others for their grief over Edward King's death?
利西达斯》是否恰当的表达出了,对爱德华·金之死的哀悼？，进一步说，它能否抚慰人们为爱德华·金之死的悲痛？
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In my future? Well, I actually own a studio space in Kingston, New York.
我的未来？我在纽约金斯顿有个工作室。
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Behaviorism is a school of thought that was there long before Skinner, championed by psychologists like John Watson, for instance.
行为主义学派,远在斯金纳提出他的理论之前就已经存在，受到了众多心理学家的拥护,比如约翰·华生。
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When Ginsberg first read Howl, he was on stage, and there was a little bathroom.
当金斯堡自己第一次在台上读《嚎叫》的时候，那有一个卫生间。
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> Hey, this may be a way of getting rid of Dean Higgins.
>，嘿，这可能是一个摆脱希金斯院长的一个方法。
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Well that Jenkins article that was part of the reading today discussed that issue.
詹金斯的文章,也是我们今天课外阅读的内容,讨论了这个问题
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The work of Skinner , the work of Thorndik .
代表人物有斯金纳，桑代克。
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those family letters have been published in a book called The Children of Pride, and a brilliant book has been written about Colcott Jones and his extended family by Erskine Clarke called Dwelling Place.
这些家书后来被公布于世,收录在一本名叫《骄傲的孩子》的书中,另外有一本书是关于,考克特.琼斯和他的远亲家的故事,厄斯金克拉克
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This refers--this actually goes back to B.F. Skinner, a psychologist who flourished in the first half of this century.
这要追溯到B.F.斯金纳,一位活跃在上世纪前期的心理学家
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The essay that you read in its entirety for today, "Structure, Sign and Play in the Language of the Human Sciences," was delivered on the occasion of a conference about "the sciences of man" at Johns Hopkins University in 1966.
今天我们要读的是一整篇文章，名为《人文科学话语中的结构、符号和游戏》,这篇文章发表于1966年,在约翰普金斯大学召开的一个会议上，会议主题是“人类科学“
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And sociologically in the 1960s and 1970s, in the United States, behaviorism was incredibly well known and so was Skinner.
在上世纪60到70年代之间的美国社会，行为主义极为盛行,斯金纳也得以名声大噪。
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No, and there's several demonstrations at the time of Skinner suggesting that they don't.
答案是否定的，早在斯金纳的时代就已经有证据表明,动物无需强化与惩罚也能进行学习。
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And, of course, this is not at all original to Ginsberg.
当然，这并不是金斯堡首创的。
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Now, Piaget fared a lot better than did Freud or Skinner for several reasons.
皮亚杰要比弗洛伊德或是斯金纳成功很多,原因有以下几点
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Last class I started with Freud and now I want to turn to Skinner.
上一堂课我们从弗洛依德讲起,现在我要开始讲斯金纳了。
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I'm including here people like Aristotle and Plato, Hume, Locke, Freud and Skinner.
我所说的这些学者包括了,亚里士多德,柏拉图,休莫,洛克,弗洛依德以及斯金纳
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When it comes to humans, the notions of reward and punishment and so on that Skinner tried to extend to humans are so vague it's not science anymore.
说到人类，那些斯金纳试图应用于人类身上的,奖励和惩罚之类的概念,定义太过模糊,所以不能再当做科学来看待。
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So these are diets where they put their name on the book like this, and of course, the classic one of all time was Dr. Atkins' Diet Revolution.
还有些书以人名为题,比如,经典的例子是,《阿特金斯博士的新饮食革命》
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So today and Monday we're going to talk about two very big ideas and these ideas are associated with Sigmund Freud and B. F. Skinner and are psychoanalysis and behaviorism.
所以在今天和星期一,我们将学习两大心理理论,其代表人物分别是,西格蒙特·弗洛伊德和,伯尔赫斯·弗雷德里克·斯金纳,这两个理论便是精神分析理论,和行为主义理论。
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Skinner developed, in World War II, a pigeon guided missile.
在二战时，斯金纳提出，用鸽子来为导弹导航。
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Freud and Skinner had explanations of all of these.
弗洛伊德和斯金纳的理论解释了上述一切。
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Now I would like to read to you from the footnote to Howl, Allen Ginsberg's famous poem, that for many people embodied at the time what it meant to be engaged in this new literary project.
现在我再给你们读一段《嚎叫》的脚注，这是艾伦金斯堡的著名诗歌，对于很多当时的人来说,参与这项新文学事业意义深远。
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Some studies have, motivated by Chomsky's work in expressed sorry, motivated by Chomsky's critique of Skinner's Verbal Behavior, have asked even in -- "What if we just looked at children within the United States?
受到乔姆斯基,《斯金纳述评》的启发,一些研究甚至询问道,"要是我们只研究美国儿童又会怎样呢"
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And Skinner extended this more generally.
斯金纳对这一概念进行了扩展。
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If Skinner kept the focus on rats and pigeons and dogs, he would not have the impact that he did but he argued that you could extend all of these notions to humans and to human behavior.
如果斯金纳只是研究老鼠鸽子或是狗，他就不会拥有如此巨大的有影响力了,但他宣称，这些概念是可以应用到,人类以及人类行为中去的。
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So you have the low fat diets, you have the low carb diets like Atkins, etc., and so--and even the experts who aren't out there trying to make a fortune on diet books have their own favorite foods and things.
比如低脂肪饮食,和阿特金斯的低碳饮食,即使是想靠出版食谱书赚大钱的专家们,也有自己偏好的食物
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Well Jenkins makes the argument that people are eating too much of everything, and that every part of the diet is being over-consumed and--except for things like fiber, which is being under-consumed, but every sort of thing that people should be eating less of is being over-consumed.
詹金斯的观点是,人们是饮食总量过剩,饮食中的每个部分都摄入过剩,除了纤维素--纤维素是摄入不足的,但所有人们应该少吃些的东西,现在都摄入过剩了
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As far as I know, Skinner and Skinnerian psychologists were never directly involved in the creation of prisons.
据我所知，斯金纳和斯金纳行为主义心理学家们,从未直接参与过监狱的创建。
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These are some minor characters who lived with them and went to Columbia with them, or were in their circle when these writers lived in the neighborhoods ] in New York around Columbia University.] So, Allen Ginsberg is Carlo Marx, and Ginsberg went to Columbia.
这些是和他们住在一起的次要人物,和他们一起去了哥伦比亚的，或者当作者住在,纽约哥大附近的那个小区时,是他们圈子里的人],因此，艾伦金斯堡就是卡洛马克思，金斯堡去了哥大。
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One of the best descriptions I've ever read of why slavery persisted, of why people defended it, and why people went to war for it, came before the war, in 1857, in a speech by the African-American woman, novelist, writer, poet Frances Ellen Watkins Harper.
我曾读到的一段比较精彩的论述,关于为什么奴隶制度留存了下来,为什么人们为其辩护,为其而战,在1857年,战争前夕,在一个非裔美国女人的演讲中,她是小说家兼作家兼诗人,弗朗斯·伊莲·瓦特金·哈伯
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