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Well, first it is important because it's-- you need to track what the population is eating and also individual intake.
说它重要首先是因为,你需要探寻人们都吃什么,还有个体摄入量
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Now let's take this information and put it in the context of what a day's fat and calorie intake might be like.
现在让我们把刚才的知识运用到实际中,我们一天脂肪和卡路里摄入量是多少
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However, for dietary intake, there have been fewer advances like that because it's such a difficult thing to get a hold of.
然而,对于饮食摄入量,和那些比则进步要少,因为这很难把握
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So what researchers do is they hope to get enough people in a sample, where overall, you hope to be capturing normal intake.
所以研究者做的是,让尽可能多的人群进入样本,总体上你就可以得到正常的摄入量了
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So you can see the kind of patterns, the variability from day to day that people get.
因此你们可以看到人们每天摄入量的变化
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And you check the frequency and then inferences are made about your overall intake from that.
核对频率,然后根据你的总摄入量,得出结论
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Well there are methods that get used to track population intake and methods to track individual food intake, and let's talk about each of them.
有的方法,用于追踪总体摄入量,有的方法追踪个体食物摄入量,让我们分开来谈
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In all cases, these are significant variations from what the recommended dietary intake should be.
所有这些中,实际摄入量,和推荐摄入量之间都有着巨大的差异
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That the average--- the people were reporting consuming eleven, 1200 calories or something, but when their food intake was actually measured it was over 2 000 calories.
实验对象汇报的,卡路里是1100或者1200卡,但他们实际食物摄入量,超过了2000卡
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So portions are an interesting phenomenon and people estimate these in different ways.
所以每日摄入量是个值得探讨的现象,人们用不同的方法估测它
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Population intake: how do we know what to recommend to people to eat?
总体摄入量,我们如何知道,该建议别人吃什么
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But medium today is not what medium used to be, and because of that people really make a lot of errors in understanding how much a portion is.
但现在的中包薯条和过去的大小不同,因为这,人们理解什么是每日摄入量时,就犯了很多错误
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But you know, when people eat pancakes it may not be this extreme, but still, there are a lot of things that-- where the portion sizes are misestimated.
但当人们吃薄煎饼时可能没那么夸张,但仍然,量非常大,每日摄入量被完全错估了
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We'll talk about difficulty people have in understanding what a portion is.
我们还要讲到,人们为何难以理解"每餐摄入量"的多少
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For example, a portion of pasta according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture would be about the amount of pasta that would be the size of a tennis ball.
比如说,意大利面的每日摄入量,根据美国农业部,是如此的份量,大概和网球一样大小
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And so what people should eat, and what people think they are eating, and what they actually eat is really much different, and that leads to all kinds of problems.
所以人类的健康饮食摄入量,和他们自认为食物摄入量,和人类实际摄入量有巨大差别,这导致了各种问题
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And then the next slide shows the average reported intake of ten year olds in the United States, and you can see the pie charts don't line up very well.
而下一张幻灯显示了,美国十岁孩子的平均摄入量,你可以看到这两张饼图并不能很好地重合
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Well that counts on your ability to accurately assess what people are eating, or what the whole population is eating, and so measuring population intake is incredibly important to dietary recommendations.
要想准确评估人们在吃什么,或者整个,人类在吃什么,这只能依靠你的能力,所以统计总体摄入量,对饮食方面的建议非常重要
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Fiber is related at a risk for some diseases, particularly some cancers, and therefore the low fiber intake that we have now compared to what our ancestors had is a factor.
纤维素可以抵抗一些疾病,尤其是某些癌症,相对古人来说我们摄入量偏低,因此我们对一些癌症的抵抗能力就低
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And so the amount of protein in a diet, from diet plan to diet plan, doesn't vary as much as the recommendations that these popular diets give you for fat and carbohydrate.
在不同食谱中,对于蛋白摄入量的差异,远远不如对脂肪,和碳水化合物的摄入量的差异那样大
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Fruits and vegetables of course were much different.
水果蔬菜的摄入量和从前比也有很大差异
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On one axis you have dietary fat, the other you have how much-- in fact I should have brought the graph but I didn't-- how much breast cancer there is in the society.
其中一个轴是膳食脂肪摄入量,另一个轴是,事实上我应该把图表带来的但没有,社会上的乳腺癌病例数量
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Then fiber was tremendously different as well.
我们和祖先的纤维素的摄入量也相去甚远
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What is a portion of things?
什么是每天食物摄入量
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One problem that people have is understanding what a portion is, because you say we should have this many servings of fruits and vegetables a day, we should have this many servings of that a day.
人类很难理解每餐食物摄入量这概念,因为假设,我们一天应该摄入一定份量的水果和蔬菜,各种食物每天都有一定摄入量
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It's very difficult to estimate portions.
估计"摄入量"是很困难的
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The fiber intake is affected not only by what particular foods people pick but how much processing is done of the foods they have, where some of the fiber in foods is specifically processed out.
纤维素的摄入量,不仅取决于人们选择的食物,而且还要看食物的加工过程,有些纤维素在食物在加工过程中流失了
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There are other things that would qualify as food, but the not too much of course has to do with over-- intake of certain nutrients, the calories; and then eating mostly plants tends to be a pretty good idea.
辣奇多绝对不能算作食物,至于"适量饮食"则应参考,某些营养素及热量的摄入量,而"植物为主"是一条非常好的建议
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Some people can fight the brain off in this case, and control their food intake, maintain a healthy diet, and maintain a normal weight, but the number of such people in the population is shrinking by the day.
有些人可以抵制大脑的控制,控制食物的摄入量,维持健康饮食 保持正常体重,而今,这类人的数量日益减少
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Now, figure in the fact that smoking is playing a role, physical activity is playing a role, still just changing fruit and vegetable consumption potentially could reduce heart disease worldwide by this much: stroke by 19% and some cancers by as much as 20%.
实际上吸烟和运动都对此有影响,即使将这些因素都考虑进去,仅仅改变水果和蔬菜的摄入量仍然能,在全球范围内减少这么多的心脏病得病率,中风减少19%而某些癌症减少达20%
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