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For example, what if you could make a hepatitis vaccine that was good in one shot instead of three shots?
比方说,如果你研制的一种肝炎疫苗,只需接种一次,而不是三次会怎么样
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So, this just shows as the vaccine was distributed, given to more people, that prevalence of the disease dropped dramatically.
因此,这表明随着疫苗的推广,以及接种人数的增加,该疾病的患病率显著降低
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You can't go to school in this country, and in many countries, until you've had your prescribed set of vaccinations.
在我国,接种规定的疫苗之前,许多国家也一样,你都不能去上学
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And so that very practical consideration turns out to be important in how we use vaccines in real populations.
所以,如何使疫苗接种更便于,实际操作就变得非常重要
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Availability of this freeze-dried vaccine made it, then, possible to think about vaccinating people all over the world.
冻干疫苗的应用能使医护人员,考虑向全世界人民接种疫苗
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The clinical trial was designed such that almost two million elementary school children were given this test vaccine.
该临床试验的计划是,向近二百万的小学学生,接种这种测试疫苗
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So, that's another example of the difference between a vaccine that works, and a vaccination that works, right?
所以,这个例子讲的是研发疫苗和,研究疫苗接种的不同之处,对吗
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And so even people that got vaccinated, most of us either have questionable or no protection against the virus at this point.
所以就算那些接种过天花疫苗的人,到那时候也不一定,或者压根无法抵御病毒
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Well, there's a whole population of people who are younger than me that never got smallpox vaccines, right?
所有比我小的人,都没有接种过天花疫苗,对吧
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Give enough of the vaccine so you have a dose for everybody in the world, or a large fraction of the people.
疫苗的数量,足以让世界上每个人都接种一支,或者让绝大多数人都能接种一支
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So, none of you in this room, I'm 100% confident, never ever got a smallpox vaccine.
所以我百分百确信这间教室里所有人,没有一个人接种过天花疫苗
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You want to give it to people in different communities, to make sure that it works in all the subpopulations where the vaccine's potentially valuable.
研究者希望将疫苗分接种于不同人群,以确保疫苗适用于所有人,这样才能体现疫苗的价值
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Again, these are antibodies that are specific to that antigen or vaccine that we introduced.
我再说一次,这些抗体针对于,我们所接种的抗原或疫苗特异产生
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One can also purify parts of the protein, that is, parts of the virus, that is, "Do I really need to deliver the whole virus?"
人们还可以纯化部分蛋白质,也就是病毒的某些部分来制造疫苗,那么还需要接种完整的病毒吗
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A vaccination, for it to work around the world, has to be inexpensive, transportable, possible to use without advanced medical personnel, and those kinds of things.
而疫苗接种,为了能适用于全世界,它必须便宜,便于运输,还要能在没有高级医生的情况下使用,它应该具有诸如此类的特点
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The question is "What happens after a vaccine is introduced into the body?"
问题在于,人体在接种疫苗后会发生什么样的变化
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Because you had the vaccine, presumably, and so you didn't get the disease.
不难猜测因为你接种了疫苗,所以你就不得这病了
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Yeah, so you're asking, if for example, why do you need a booster of tetanus, because if I get exposed to tetanus wouldn't I have this rapid response?
所以你会问,举个例子来说,已经感染过破伤风杆菌的人,为什么仍然需要接种破伤风疫苗,身体不是应该马上对该病菌做出应答吗
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Basically, injecting it into some test subjects, making sure that they didn't get diseased from it and looking at antibody responses to see if it worked and it did.
他们把疫苗接种到测试对象体内,确定接种者不会感染疾病,同时观察抗体的应答反应,了解疫苗是否有效
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So, that was the start of the modern practice of vaccination.
而这就是现代疫苗接种实践的开端
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If this was tetanus, you got this tetanus vaccine when you were young; you get a boost every five or ten years because your antibody levels are starting to fall.
以破伤风为例,小时候,你接种过破伤风的疫苗,每隔五年或十年要再接种一次,这是因为体内的抗体浓度会下降
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None of you got smallpox vaccinations, because once a country was certified to be smallpox free, there was no reason to-- there was no reason to vaccinate people any longer.
你们当中没人接种过天花疫苗,因为一旦一个国家确认不再有天花,就没有理由,就没有理由再给人们接种
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There are even some military personnel now who get immunized against smallpox in the event that when they're going into areas, they might be exposed when they're in combat areas.
现在有些军人甚至已经接种天花疫苗,以使他们在战场上,免受天花病毒的威胁
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And you've all been vaccinated, I would guess, for hepatitis B.
我猜,你们都接种过乙肝疫苗了
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I was born before 1970, I got a smallpox vaccination.
我出生在一九七零年之前,我接种过天花疫苗
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Others generate a weaker response that does require boosting.
还有一些疫苗产生的免疫应答较弱,这种疫苗就需要再次接种
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Yeah, so for example, you get exposed to-- before there was a vaccine your brother or sister had chickenpox, and so you got exposed to chickenpox naturally through your contact with them.
举个例子来说,如果你生活在这样的环境里,兄弟姐妹们还没接种疫苗就得了水痘,而你通过与他们相接触,在自然情况下接触到了水痘病毒
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So if you could make a hepatitis B vaccine that didn't require a shot or that didn't require refrigeration, that would be a tremendous advance in spreading that vaccine through the world.
所以如果你可以开发出这样的乙肝疫苗,它不需注射就能接种,或者不需要冷藏,这样的巨大进步,能够将疫苗的使用普及至全世界
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Well, we've all had some experience with vaccines.
其实我们都有接种疫苗的经历
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So, if you were someone that was getting it after it had been passed through many people, you wouldn't have as strong or as lengthy a protection as the first individual did.
如果一个疫苗经过很多人的传递,再接种到你身上,你不会获得像第一个接受疫苗的人,那样强效持久的免疫效果
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