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All these cells come from the bone marrow and biologists have traced the formation of these cells in great detail.
所有这些细胞都来自骨髓,而生物学家已经很详细地,研究了这些细胞的形成过程
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I said this sentence in one of the first two classes, 'all cells are the same', and you know that's true.
我曾在头两节课的哪里讲过,所有细胞都是一样的,你们知道的
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Namely in the stage where all the cells are PAX2 positive.
也就是所有的细胞,正处于PAX2的活跃期。
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In fact, of all the systems of cellular differentiation that are known in our bodies, probably hematopoiesis is the best known.
事实上,我们体内已知的,所有由细胞分化成的系统中,造血系统也许是最为人所熟知的
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So, they don't start killing all the cells in your respiratory system; they only kill the cells that are harboring the virus.
所以它们不会杀死所有呼吸系统内的细胞,只杀死那些被病毒感染的细胞
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You could potentially treat cystic fibrosis by providing the correct gene and providing it to all the cells of the lung epithelium.
一种可能的治愈方法是,把正确的基因,导入所有肺上皮细胞
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Not all the cells are dividing; in fact, cells in your brain don't proliferate at all.
不是所有细胞都能分裂,事实上,脑细胞根本不增殖
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Well, not all of the cells in your body are dividing at any one time.
然而不是体内所有细胞,都随时在分裂
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It's capable of forming all these different cells but it's not capable of forming lymphocytes.
它能生成以上所有不同的细胞,但不能生成淋巴细胞
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All the cells in your body have the gene for insulin in them.
所有人体细胞都有胰岛素基因
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Let's take a step back and ask are all kinds of cells really the same and start by talking about two cells that I know you know are quite different.
让我们退一步并问一句,所有细胞真的都是一样的么,我们不妨从两种,看起来截然不同的细胞谈起
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It turns out in the case of Hepatitis B, the way the lifecycle proceeds-- the cells make too much of the protein and not all of it gets assembled into the virus.
结果显示,在乙肝的病案中,病毒生命周期的发展情况,细胞制造了大量的蛋白质,但并不是所有的蛋白质都会组合成病毒
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Because the cells are the fundamental component of our bodies; very interesting because all of our cells in our body share many characteristics and some of those characteristics are shown on this picture.
因为细胞是我们身体的基本构成单位,这非常有意思,因为我们身体里所有细胞,有许多共同的特征,而其中的一些特征展示在了这幅图中
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A progenitor cell, the definition, it just means it can generate the cells that are typical of that tissue or that organ, so it's capable of becoming these mature classes of cells.
祖细胞的定义就是,它能产生那个器官或者组织内的,所有的典型细胞,所以它可以成为那一类的成熟细胞
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They might be capable of forming all of the cells of the nervous system; they might still have some potency to form other things that are similar to the nervous system.
它们也许可以生成,所有神经系统的细胞,也许还有一些生成和神经系统类似的,其他东西的潜能
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So organs are made up of combinations of tissues where all the tissues are collections of cells that are doing some function, nervous tissue, muscular tissue, epithelial tissue, those are examples of tissues that form organs.
所以器官是由各种组织组合而成,所有的组织都是,具有某些功能的细胞集合,神经组织,肌肉组织,上皮组织,这些都是由组织构成器官的例子
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Because they've made many copies of their genome and they've made all the proteins that are necessary to - for assembly of a new virus, then this cell can make many new viruses.
因为病毒制造了大量病毒基因组的拷贝,和所有,新病毒组装所需的蛋白质,所以这个细胞就有能力制造大量新的病毒
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The important concept is that, while every cell in your body has the capability of making all the proteins that are needed throughout your body, not every cell is doing that at any given time.
这里面有一个重要的概念,就是尽管你身体里的细胞都,有能力制造出,全身上下所需的所有蛋白质,但不是所有细胞每时每刻都在这么做
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Its role is to move molecules around in the body so that they're available to cells everywhere within your body regardless of how close they are to your skin, and we'll talk about that.
它能将分子输送到身体各处,供体内所有的细胞使用,而无论那些细胞多么靠近体表,我们会讲到这些的
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If mitosis occurs the way that it's supposed to, the DNA that's in each of these cells is the same.
如果有丝分裂的过程按部就班地进行,那所有细胞的DNA都是相同的
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That's why people are so excited about embryonic stem cells because in nature they become all the cells of the body.
这就是为什么胚胎干细胞如此让人激动,因为它的天然功能就是变成所有身体细胞
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All cells are the same and I say that because any cell within you or within me is the same in many respects.
我之所以说所有细胞都是一样的,是因为你我体内的细胞,在很多方面的确一模一样
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All the cells in your body have the capability of making all the proteins that you make, but they're not all made in every cell.
你体内的所有细胞,都有表达体内所有种类的蛋白的能力,但细胞并不会表达所有的蛋白质
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The main function of all your cells, and all your tissues, and all your organs is to maintain this homeostasis, which allows you to live in a changing environment.
你所有细胞,所有的组织,所有的器官最主要的功能,就是维护这个内稳态,使你能够以不变应万变
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It's collecting information from all these dendrites under the right series of signals the cell body integrates all that information, says time for me to fire an action potential.
神经收集所有树突送来的,通过一系列正确信号传来的信息,细胞体整合所有信息之后,就到了发出动作电位的时候了
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I'll talk about what that means, encoding insulin means in a minute, but there's a gene that tells your body what insulin looks like and that gets transcribed but only in those cells that make insulin.
一会儿,我将会讨论基因编码胰岛素的意义,所有细胞都含有相同的胰岛素基因,它决定胰岛素的结构以及如何被转录,但是只有胰腺细胞才能产生胰岛素
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One of the enzymes that often gets activated is an enzyme which converts ATP, a small molecule that is inside all of our cells.
在经常被激活的酶中有一种酶,其功能是转化ATP,ATP是一种,存在于所有细胞中的小分子物质
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So not all of the B-cells that are stimulated become plasma cells or antibody secreting cells.
所以,并不是所有的B淋巴细胞,被刺激分化成为,浆细胞或是抗体分泌细胞
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Well, the way that your immune system recognizes it is that all the cells of our body express a molecule on their surface, a membrane protein called the MHC1 complex.
而免疫系统识别的方法是,身体内所有细胞在其表面表达一种分子,一种叫做MHC1复合体的膜蛋白
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Well I talked about it - earlier I've mentioned several times all the cells in my body, all the cells in your body have essentially the same genomic chromosomal DNA in their nucleus.
我之前有说过,我不只一次提到过,我体内的所有细胞,和你体内的所有细胞一样,核中的染色体基因组DNA本质上都相同
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