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I mean, the Greeks didn't -- Plato's Symposium, all of these guys are sitting around having a drinking party.
我是说,希腊人不这样 --,在柏拉图的飨宴上,人们坐在那里举行酒宴
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You are no longer like a son to me and like your father, my first husband, 'Ere this kindly Greek took pity on me."
你不像我的儿子，而像父亲，我的第一个丈夫，埃瑞是希腊人，这个好人总是可怜我“
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But for right now, all you need to know is that all of these generals, although they were Macedonians and spoke Macedonian and not themselves Greek, but they had, just like Alexander, they had adopted Greek language, Greek culture.
不过目前，你们只要知道所有四位将领，虽然都是马其顿人，说马其顿语,不是希腊人，但是他们和亚历山大一样，使用希腊语，希腊文化。
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How would you have had the great Greek playwrights, they would argue, without the system, the world the Greeks were able to create with the Helots?
还有伟大的古希腊戏剧家是怎样来的,没有这个制度,希腊人怎能用奴隶创造昔日的繁荣
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The Athenians and the Romans," he says, "were free, that is they were free commonwealths, not that any particular man had the liberty to resist his own representative but that his representative had the liberty to resist or invade other people."
霍布斯说，希腊人和罗马人都是自由的，因为他们身在自由的共和国里，他们单独的个体,是没有自由反抗他所选的代表的,但他所选的代表,却有抵抗或是入侵他人的自由“
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But what the Greeks spent most of their time doing was fighting each other, one hoplite phalanx against another hoplite phalanx.
但是希腊人在大部分时间里都是方阵对抗,一个步兵方阵和另外一个步兵方阵对垒
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But what you need to understand about the Greeks is that they don't eat a lot of meat.
但是你们需要理解的是,希腊人并不常食肉
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That's a very strange thing because the Greeks turn out to be an enormously active seafaring people with tremendous fear of the seas.
但奇怪的是,希腊人,虽然对海洋有着极度的恐惧,但同时,他们又是一个活跃于海上的民族
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But if they had fully adopted Greek customs, they were considered Greeks.
但是如果他们继承所有希腊风俗，会被认为是希腊人。
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So, that meant the concept that there is something that all of us are--have in common, that make us all Hellenes now exists.
所以,这意味着这样的概念,即我们之间是有共性的,这些共性让我们希腊人成为现在的样子
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In Alexandria, the local Egyptian population resented the Jews because they were recognized as a legal ethnicity in Alexandria, and they weren't given complete privileges of the Greeks in-- Alexandria was a Greek city.
比如在亚历山大港，当地埃及人仇视犹太人,因为他们在当地是合法少数民族，而埃及人却没有任何希腊特权。。。,亚历山大港是希腊式城市。
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I suppose the first apparently historical event that we know something about is the first Olympic Games, which according to Greek tradition were held in 776 B.C.
我认为第一个已知的重大历史事件,就是第一次奥林匹克运动会,根据希腊人的口头传述,那是发生在公元前七百七十六年
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The Greeks had the most arrogant view of their relationship to the divinity, as I will tell you about later in the course, of any people I know.
希腊人傲慢地认为,他们与神的关系最为密切,关于这一点,我会在以后讲到,我所知的每个希腊人都是如此
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In one of Plato's lesser known dialogues he makes a statement--the following statement, which I think shows both the typical arrogance of the Greeks and also says something true.
在柏拉图的一个不怎么出名的对话录中,他作了一个声明,以下是这些声明,我认为它们既是希腊人典型的傲慢的体现,又说到了一些事实
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The Greek view,moreover, presupposes that man lives in society.
进一步说,希腊的观点的前提条件,就是人是生活在社会中的
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And indeed, as we shall see, well, the tragic view of life, which the Greeks invent and which characterizes their culture, is there right at the beginning in the Iliad and the Odyssey.
确实,我们可以看到,悲剧人生观,在伊利亚特和奥德赛的一开始就有所体现,这是希腊人首先提出的,体现了他们的文化性格
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For others, it was necessary to go further and to settle the west coast of Asia Minor, which, indeed, this is a great period of Greek settlement on the west coast of Asia Minor.
对于另外一些人,则必须走得更远,在小亚细亚西海岸定居,而这事实上,确实是希腊人向小亚细亚西海岸,拓殖的黄金时期
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What are the Greeks talking about?
希腊人关注的是什么呢
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Now, here's another document that you want to be aware of that gives you some idea of what the Greeks fairly early thought the polis was for and about, and what the relationship between individual and polis was.
现在,这有另一份你们应该注意的材料,它能让你了解一些早期希腊人,是如何认识城邦的作用和本质,以及个人与城邦之间的关系的
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Well, if you take a look at the Greek civilization let us say in the classical period, those other cultures wouldn't have had a clue what the Greeks were doing, so different was the Greek experience from theirs.
如果你看一看希腊文明,让我们以古典时期为例,其他文明,都不会理解希腊人在做什么,希腊人与他们的经历是如此不同
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The first crowd to do stuff like that, you will find, in the fifth century B.C. In Greece is a movement called the Sophistic Movement.
你们会发现第一批做这种事情的人,是在公元后五世纪的希腊人,当时兴起了一种叫诡辩的运动
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So then you have Xenophon writing his Anabasis, The March Back, telling the story of how those 1,500-- those 10,000 Greeks rather got back home.
所以当色诺芬书写《远征记》时,讲述这一千五百,哦,是一万希腊人凯旋而归的故事
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Moderation is this wonderfully great important thing for the Greeks.You must act in moderation.
谦卑对希腊人来说是很重要的品质,人必须表现得谦逊
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But for the Greeks it was very important that things should be really official.
而对希腊人来说,仪式感是很重要的
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I ought to say a word about death, in order to comprehend what the Greeks thought. You know, different peoples have had different ideas about them.
我得说一下有关死亡的事儿,好让你们更容易理解希腊人的思维,你们知道,不同人对于死亡的观念是不同的
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Although these people are Greeks, they are ruling a culture which is thoroughly different from the one we will be studying for the bulk of the semester.
虽然这些人是希腊人,但是他们所统治的文化,和我们将要花大半个学期所学的文化完全不同
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Where other peoples have seen sameness and continuity, the Greeks and the heirs of their way of thinking, have tended to notice disjunctions and to make distinctions.
别的民族看事物的统一性和连续性,希腊人传承传统思想,看到的多是事物的不同点,进行比较
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And he finally does ascertain that Apollo is angry with the Greeks because Agamemnon took a maiden from her father, and that father was a priest of Apollo.
占卜的结果是,阿波罗对希腊人发怒了,因为阿伽门农抢了自己父亲的女仆,而他父亲是阿波罗的大祭司
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She can perform magic and she can do monstrous things that you can't imagine a Greek woman doing, at least the Greeks can't imagine, so that's not Greek territory out there.
她会法术,而且能做一些你无法想象的,普通的希腊妇女不会做的事,至少希腊人是无法想象的,因此那里不属希腊
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