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They might articulate a need or a desire, but what we have to do is understand all the technology ingredients and how they're evolving.
他们可能会提出要求或是愿望，我们所要做的事情是搞懂,所有技术成分，以及它们如何演变。
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So the state variables describe the equilibrium's state and they don't care about how this state got to where it is.
状态变量,描述平衡态，它们并不关心,系统是如何演化成这样的。
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We're going to talk about how they're prepared, but it's a preparation that is intended to stimulate your immune system.
我们会讲它们是如何做准备的,它通过刺激你的免疫系统来进行准备
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and so what the lecture today is going to be about is how did the particular twenty-seven books that came to be the New Testament canon,how did those get chosen?
这也是今天的课程所谈的,就是那27卷书是如何成为,新约正典的，它们怎么被选中的？
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But luckily for us, there's a classical equation of motion that will, in fact, describe how the electron and nucleus change position or change their radius as a function of time.
但幸运的是，有一个,经典方程描述了电子和核子,位置或者它们直接的距离是,如何随时间变化的。
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So how do chess-playing programs, and particularly the best chess-playing programs, how do they work? Well, they play chess the same way you do.
那么,下棋程序,特别是最好的下棋程序,是如何工作的呢,它们的下棋方式同你们如出一辙
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Cases like Capgras are important because they tell us about how we see the world.
像卡普格拉综合症那样的病例就很重要,因为它们让我们明白了,我们是如何看待世界的
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They may seem, and probably might even be said to be, different and antagonistic at some point, and when they are what should you do?
它们很有可能在某些方面,被人认为是迥异的,敌对的,如果它们真是如此的话你将如何去做
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The question is how do you get those readings and how do you access them?
问题是如何获取这些资料,并打开它们
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And the whole publishing industry was very careful to keep those or some, were very careful to keep those separate and how they will be managed. That was called separation of churching state. But when we began publishing on the internet, we discovered a new kind of content which are called community content.
整个出版产业十分小心,地保持着它们或者其中一些，非常仔细地保持,它们是分开以及如何管理它们，那被,称为政教分离，但是当我们,开始在互联网上出版，我们发现一种,新内容，交错社区内容。
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We have to understand the way in which what we do and say, what we write in our papers and articles, is grounded in theoretical premises which, if we don't come to terms with them, we will simply naively reproduce without being fully aware of how we're using them and how, indeed, they are using us.
我们所为，所说，和在论文中所写的内容，是以一些理论，为前提的，如果不接受这些理论，那我们就不过是天真地重复,根本不知道,我们是如何利用它们的。
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you could characterize them in terms of how they're gated, -- and basically how they open or close -- that's one way to talk about different types.
你可以通过闸门的类型来描述它们，这基本上也就是看它们是如何打开或关闭的-,这是一种讨论不同类型的方法。
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And when I put this, I have to tell you how they are connected.
当我写下这个时，我得告诉你它们是如何联系起来的。
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How come these have risen above infectious diseases over the last several hundred years?
在过去的几百年中,它们的致死率是如何超过感染性疾病的的
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We'll talk later about the politics of food and how the food industrywas very influential in getting the government to allow them to make health claims on cereals.
往后我们将谈到食品政治学,以及食品行业是如何深刻的影响到政府,使其允许它们做关于谷物的"健康宣示"
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Notice how they differ from Aristotle's views.
注意它们是如何不同于亚里士多德的观点
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I'll talk about biological membranes and lipids and how they're assembled.
我会讲到生物膜和脂质,及它们是如何组装成质膜的
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How do those differences between cells contribute to the properties of the tissues, which contribute to the properties of the organs, which contribute to the properties of a person and this maintenance of homeostasis?
这些差异化的细胞,是如何构成具有不同属性的组织,这些组织又构成具有不同属性的器官,器官又构成了不同的人,它们是如何维护内稳态呢
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In particular, we're going to focus today on sort of how to manipulate and use DNA in some applications, and this is a huge area of science and technology.
特别是,我们今天要重点讲,如何操作DNA并应用它们,这是一个十分广阔的科学技术领域
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We'll start with Week 2 talking about Genetic Engineering; what's DNA, how can it be manipulated, how is our ability to manipulate DNA led to things like gene therapy which can now be done in people.
从第二周开始我们会讲基因工程,什么是DNA,怎么样才能操控它们,我们如何操作DNA,并将它应用于人类的基因疗法
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