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Retroviruses, for example, can only insert - can only transduce and express their DNA in cells that are dividing.
就以逆转录病毒为例,它们只能在分裂阶段的细胞里,转导并表达自己的基因
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What's changing along here is the what's changing along this pathway is the expression pattern of genes in cells.
因此这里改变的是,在这条途径上改变的是,基因表达的模式
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there are many genes that are already expressed and presented in this dimpling and thickening of the outer layer.
在外胚层的凹陷和增厚过程中,表达了很多基因。
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It might be a plasmid that contains a promoter that works in lung cells and that has the cystic fibrosis gene.
这个质粒带有,可以在肺细胞表达的启动子和正常基因
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When this animal makes milk, it makes all the normal milk proteins, but it also activates your gene of interest as well.
那么当这一后代泌乳的时候,它不仅表达出自身正常的奶蛋白质,也激活了目的基因的表达
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So this might be a longer lasting, more permanent form of elimination of expression of a particular gene.
所以这似乎是一种持续时间更长,更长久地阻止某个特定基因表达的方法
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This is what makes cells different, the number and quantity of the genes that they express.
这就是细胞产生差异的原因,即表达的基因在数量和质量上的差异
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I ended with this picture that shows you a little bit about control of gene expression.
我用这幅图结束了上一节课,图上讲了一些关于基因表达调控的内容
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The rest of the time I want to talk about expression of genes, of new genes.
剩下的时间里我想讲讲基因的表达,新基因的表达
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Gene expression, for us, will mean the same thing as production of a particular protein.
对我们来说,基因表达就等于合成特定的蛋白质
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The last thing I want to talk about today is control of gene expression.
今天我们要讨论的最后一个问题,是基因表达的调控
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There are multiple mechanisms that a cell can use to decide which genes it is expressing at any one time and which ones are not expressed.
在某一时刻,决定细胞中哪些基因表达,哪些基因不表达的机理十分复杂
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They can insert genes into non-dividing cells and cause those genes to be expressed.
它使基因导入没有分裂的细胞,并使其表达
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You're taking a normal gene and you're over expressing it or expressing it more abundantly than normal in one particular spot of the body to have an effect.
我们在讨论一个正常基因的过表达,也就是在体内某一点的表达量,大大超过正常水准从而产生疗效
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The second issue is that the gene vector, in this case the plasmid, has to be compatible with the cells that you're trying to express the gene in.
接下来的问题是如何选择合适的基因载体,在这里用到的,质粒,必须与要用来表达基因的,受体细胞匹配
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What you could do then, if you could deliver these red colored molecules here is you could stop specifically the expression of this particular gene in these particular cells.
接下来你能做的是,如果你能将这些红色的分子送到这里,就能够特异地阻止,特定细胞中特定基因的表达
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One of the things that estrogen does when cells are exposed to estrogen is that certain genes get turned on that weren't turned on in the estrogen-free state.
雌激素的功能是,当细胞所处环境中有雌激素时,一些在雌激素不存在的条件下,无法表达基因就能够表达
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Then you could imagine blocking gene expression would be a therapy.
这样你们就会认为,阻止基因的表达是一种治疗手段了
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They do that because they can control the expression of genes.
它们能正确地合成蛋白,是因为它们可以调控基因的表达
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When a gene gets expressed, that means its protein is produced.
一段基因得到表达,就意味着合成它所编码的蛋白
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So it's not just knowing what genes or figuring out ways to look at gene expression, it's figuring out how this expression of key genes affects the fate of the individual.
所以我们不仅仅是要了解那些基因能致病,也不仅是要弄明白基因的表达方式,更要搞清楚这种关键基因的表达,如何影响个人命运
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If you selected the cells right than the only ones that have that resistance to Ampicillin are the ones that successfully got your plasmid and are using this Ampicillin resistant gene.
如果你选对了细胞,那么对氨苄青霉素有抗性的就是,成功得到了质粒并表达了基因的细胞
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Control of gene expression is a very big topic and so I'm going to show you one cartoon to sort of tell you that it is a big topic that's really important.
基因表达的调控是个大课题,我给你们放一些动画,好让你们理解,其涉及范围之广,意义之重
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You do that by expressing the genes in the mice in the way that I described on the last slide and it's shown in a little bit more detail on this slide.
按照我上张幻灯片讲过的方法,在小鼠中表达外源基因,这张幻灯片中对此有更详细的表述
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The difference the real difference is in what genes its expressing of the total number of genes in the human genome and therefore if it's expressing these unique this unique set of genes.
真正的不同之处是,在这些细胞中,表达的是人类全部基因中的不同基因,因此如果细胞表达的是,这组独特的基因
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Why is control of gene expression important?
为什么说对基因表达的调控是非常重要呢
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Only certain genes are being expressed and it's the family of genes that are being expressed in a cell, likewise the family that are not being expressed, that determines what a cell is like, how it functions.
只有某些特定的基因在细胞中表达,那些在细胞中表达的基因,与那些没有表达的基因,共同决定了细胞的形态和功能
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Out of all the genes that are on the human genome which fraction is this particular cell using, which fraction is it expressing determines what proteins are present in the cell, determines what work or what activities the cell can engage in.
人类基因组全部基因中的,特定细胞所表达的基因片段,细胞表达的是哪段基因,决定了细胞中存在什么样的蛋白,决定了细胞会有什么样的功能,或者参与何种生命活动
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These are ways to stop a gene from being expressed, and there turns out there's lot of applications in that, lots of diseases result from the unwanted expression of certain kinds of genes and cancer is probably the best example of that, but there are many.
有些方法能够终止基因的表达,而这些方法也经证实有广泛的应用,有很多疾病是源于基因的异常表达,而癌症大概是这种情况最好的例子,但还有很多其他的
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Taking foreign genes, genes that aren't naturally expressed or might not even exist inside a cell and putting them there and putting them there in a way where they work, and by work meaning the gene gets expressed or translated into a protein.
将异源基因,即那些在细胞中原本不表达或者,根本不存在的基因转入细胞并让它们工作,工作就是指让基因持续表达并合成蛋白质
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