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And his discoveries that-- they did them in different ways at different ages led to the emergence of the Stage Theory.
他发现,儿童在不同的年龄拥有不同的行为方式,他根据这一发现提出了阶段理论
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you know, sort of young children education programs in the United States catch up to nice countries, like Korea.
美国的一些儿童教育项目也在紧跟一些出色的国家的步伐，比如韩国。
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So, it's a cool finding of that stage, suggesting a limitation in how you deal and make sense of the world.
这是该阶段的一个重要发现,表明儿童在考虑和理解世界的方式上,存在着局限性
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You would first get exposed in children-- in childhood and then at a point when you're susceptible to the disease.
在儿童期这个较容易受病毒感染时期,第一次接触该病毒,就会引起发病
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I did buy this at like a child store so it's not very robust here.
这个天平好像是我在儿童商店买的,似乎不是很结实。
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It was very impactful to start a book that way because I doubt that hardly any readers actually write out a check on the spot to UNICEF; but if you don't, then you are in some sense responsible for the loss of 30 lives.
这是一个有力的开场白,因为我认为几乎不会有读者真的,会写张支票把钱寄给联合国儿童基金会,如果你无动于衷,那么你在某种意义上,要为那逝去的30个生命负责
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They shot the men, and they put the women and the children in the church, and they killed them.
他们把男人枪毙,把妇女和儿童关在教堂里,然后都杀掉了
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Now there are two types of diabetes, as you may know, there's Type I Diabetes which is a genetic abnormality that usually shows up in childhood or adolescents where people are dependent on insulin.
你们可能知道,糖尿病有两种类型,Ⅰ型糖尿病是由基因异常引起的,在儿童和青少年中较为多见,患这种病需要长期依赖胰岛素
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I'm developing a kid's television show.
我在企划一档儿童电视节目。
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And it speaks to what I said is my concern that Child Main Nutrition decrease by only 1 percentage point while economy cotinues to...grow -I see.
这也是我提过的我所关心的问题,经济还在高速增长的同时,儿童营养满足率,却掉了1个百分点，-我知道。
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So, the problem we have to solve to help people like MikeIs to find ways to cause those parts of cortex to develop properly when they are children or have them re-learn as adults.
因此，我们要帮助像迈克这样的人解决的问题,就是找到他们在儿童时期使,这些皮层进行发展,或者成年以后再学习的方法。
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There's sort of a period around the age of four, four and a half, where kids make the transition from failure to success.
儿童在大约四岁四岁半时,会发生从失败向成功的转变
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Well, early on children start off and they prefer the melody of their own language.
儿童在出生早期,喜欢他们自己语言的旋律
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And it's through this stage that a child gradually comes to acquire object permanence.
在这一阶段,儿童逐渐发展起,客体永存性的概念
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It is very difficult to find any effect of how parents talk to their kids on how their kids learn language, particularly when it comes to babies.
家长跟儿童的说话方式,并未对儿童如何学习语言,产生任何影响,尤其是在对待婴儿的时候
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For here the child is purely a physical creature.
在此阶段,儿童只是个纯粹的自然生物
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The latency stage is they've gone through this huge thing with Mom and Dad, "fell in love with Mom, wanted to kill my father, dad was going to castrate me, " fell out of love with Mom, out of the sex business."
在潜伏期阶段,儿童不再纠缠于恋父或恋母情结，从“爱上母亲，想要弑父，父亲要阉割我“，过渡到，“不再恋母，不再对性感兴趣“
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But then because children, according to Freud, don't have a good sense of the boundary between their mind and the world, they think their father can tell that they're plotting to kill him and they figure their father is now angry at them.
但是，据弗洛伊德的理论，由于儿童无法很好地,在心理和现实之间划清界限，即他们认为自己的父亲,能够看出他们在密谋弑父,而且他们还认为父亲非常生他们的气。
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There's a wonderful case in Nicaragua in sign language where they acquire sign language from adults who themselves are not versed in sign language.
研究者在尼加拉瓜曾做过,一个精彩的手语个案研究,儿童们从本身并不熟悉手语的成年人那里,习得手语
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So, you want to give it to them because the biology of children is different than adults, and so you need to make sure it works in that population.
你希望将疫苗分发给孩子们,因为儿童与成人在生物学上不尽相同,要确保疫苗对儿童有效
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The question is what happens to the children who are raised in this society.
问题是在这种社会中长大的儿童,究竟会怎样
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The question, by the way, was when do children-- in that video when were the-- what were the ages of the children who failed and who passed?
顺便说一下,刚才的问题是,在影片中失败和通过任务的儿童,他们的年龄有多大
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Typically--I don't know for those particular children, but typically on those tasks three-year-olds and young four-year-olds tend to fail, and around the age of four or five kids tend to succeed.
我不太了解那些特定儿童的情况,但一般来讲,三岁和刚进入四岁的儿童,通常会在这些任务中失败,而四岁或是五岁左右的儿童则通常会成功
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This graph shows some of it as well, but in this case for children, in the left hand side you see the ideal composition of the diet according to government recommendations that the diet should be partitioned in this way.
这个图表也揭示了一些类似的事实,不过是在儿童饮食中的情况,在左边你看到的是理想的饮食组合,按照政府的推荐食谱,食物应该这样搭配
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And then finally, at around age twelve, you could get abstract and scientific reasoning.
最后,大约在十二岁的时候,儿童的抽象推理和科学推理能力得以完善
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Russian kids sucked harder to hear Russian than they did to French.
相较于听到法语,俄罗斯的儿童则在听到俄语时,会更加用力的吮吸
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Final question, just to raise: I've talked in terms of the modular view but there might also be profound general differences between children and adults, not just specific to how you think about objects or how you think about people or how you think about this or how you think about that, but rather more general.
再说最后一个问题,我刚才是从模块理论的角度来讲述的,但在儿童与成人之间,或许还存在着深刻的一般性差异,不仅仅是具体到如何看待客体,如何看待他人,或是如何看待这个,如何看待那个,相反会更加一般化
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