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Often that signal gets amplified so it can be used, same thing happens inside cells and there's some output that's generated.
通常这些信号要放大后才会产生作用,诱发细胞内发生一些变化,并产生某种输出信号
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Sometimes receptors, when they interact with ligands, create changes in what proteins are actually being produced by the cell.
有时受体与配体结合后,带来的变化实际是,决定细胞开始合成何种蛋白质
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That's what's illustrated here with the end result being that there's some change in the life of the cell.
这里显示的是,在信号放大传递后,细胞内发生的变化
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It turns out that the kinds of post-translational modifications human cells are able to do are very complicated.
研究结果证实人类细胞所能完成的,翻译后修饰非常复杂
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I want to finish with that and then start on the topic for this week which is an introduction to cellular physiology.
我想先讲完这些后,再开始本周的话题,来介绍一下细胞生理学的内容
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When they bind, they produce some change in the receptor molecule which is experienced inside the cell.
当它们结合后,会使受体分子发生改变,这个过程发生在细胞内部
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You can do many post-translational modifications; your cells are capable of doing many post-translational modifications.
你能完成很多种类的翻译后修饰,你的细胞能完成很多种类的,翻译后修饰
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It's not self-renewing, in that division of the zygote results in two daughter cells that are no longer the zygote anymore, they're down some pathway.
它是不会自我更新的,受精卵分裂后成了两个子细胞,而这两个子细胞就不再是受精卵了,它们沿着某种路径进行了分化
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Diffusion mixes things very well, but as the size gets bigger, diffusion becomes very slow.
扩散作用使物质充分混合,但随着细胞变大后,扩散作用就捉襟见肘了
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Because on second exposure there's another population of cells that I haven't mentioned before that remain after the primary exposure and those are called memory cells, they're down here.
因为在再次免疫中,有另外一些细胞,我之前并没有提到过它们,在初次免疫结束后保留下来的细胞,被称为记忆细胞,它们在下面
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As we've found cells from adult organisms that seem to be multipotential and studied them more carefully, some of their potentials turn out to be lost, they're not exactly the same.
因为我们在成人机体中找到,这些看上去是多能干细胞的细胞后,仔细研究后发现它们的一些潜能已经丢失,和胚胎中的那些并不一样
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The virus enters the cell and it breaks down.
病毒进入细胞后分解
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It's the way, for example, that foreign molecules or antigens get presented to cells of your immune system in order to start the process of making an immune response, so sometimes a cell/cell interaction.
通过这种方式,外源分子,或者说抗原,进入到免疫系统的细胞中后,就会开启免疫反应过程,有时候就是细胞之间的相互作用
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Because this post-synaptic neuron is going to be receiving different signals from different cells, it's decision about what to do next, and the what to do next is either create an actual potential or not create an action potential.
因此突触后神经元可以接收,来自不同细胞的不同信号,然后决定后续反应,后续反应包括产生动作电位,或者不产生动作电位
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There are 100 of these molecules, when a receptor gets activated a kinase activity gets activated, the kinase acts on the protein, the protein gets switched on, something new starts to happen inside the cell.
有一百个这样的分子,当受体被激活,激酶被激活后,激酶作用于蛋白,使蛋白活化,细胞中就会发生一些新变化
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This was not a naturally occurring attenuated virus as used in smallpox, but a virus that was attenuated in the laboratory, basically by propagating it in culture and looking for mutants that were formed as you propagated this virus under different experimental conditions.
这不是在制造天花疫苗时,使用的那种天然减毒病毒,而是一种在实验室中被人工弱化的病毒,基本上是通过在细胞中培养繁殖后,从这些培养出来的病毒中挑选出,不同实验环境下的变异体
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Now one of the new technologies that's evolving, that we're going to talk about in the last half of the course, is taking cells that have been propagated in this way outside the body and encouraging them to form new tissues.
现在,与此相关的新技术正在蓬勃发展,我们将在这学期的后半部分讨论到它,这项技术,让细胞在体外增殖,并促使它们形成新的组织
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These molecules of DNA, very long molecules of DNA, are condensed and packaged within the nucleus of every cell in your body.
这些DNA分子是非常长的,它们通过折叠等方式压缩形成染色体后,被装配在你身体内的每一个细胞内
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What happens when they're activated is they start to reproduce, they make more and more, and more B-cells.
激活后,免疫细胞开始增殖,B细胞变得越来越多
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They enter the cell after recognizing, they fall apart inside the cell, they reproduce their DNA, or their genetic material using host mechanisms.
在识别细胞后侵入之,它们在细胞内解体,复制自身的DNA,利用宿主的遗传来机制复制自己的DNA
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They become activated and they produce, eventually, mature cytotoxic T-cells in large numbers.
细胞毒性T细胞活化后,开始增殖,最终,产生大量成熟的细胞毒性T细胞
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When a certain enzyme is activated inside cells, ATP gets converted into a molecule called cyclic AMP, and cyclic AMP is an example of one of these molecules called second messengers.
细胞内的某种酶被激活后,ATP就能转化为一种叫cAMP的分子,cAMP是一种第二信使分子的范例
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The end result is you can design now very specific double stranded RNA sequences, that when delivered into cells again will activate this process of natural degradation of an existing messenger RNA.
最终的结果是,你现在能够设计针对性很强的,双链RNA序列,当这段序列被转入细胞后会激活,对已有信使RNA进行降解的过程
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