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So Firm 1 would be producing half its monopoly quantity and Firm 2 would be producing half its monopoly quantity.
即公司1生产垄断产量一半的商品,公司2也生产垄断产量一半的商品
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Again, how much quantity would Firm 2 have to produce in order to induce Firm 1's best response to be 0?
重复一遍,公司2的产量是多少时,公司1的最佳对策是产量为0呢
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Or was it more the 1830s when you've got this booming cotton production happening finally in Alabama and Mississippi and Louisiana?
又或者是从18世纪30年代起,当阿拉巴马,密西西比和路易斯安那州,的棉花产量大范围高产时吗
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They have an agricultural revolution, investment in commercialized agriculture, and increase in the production in rural areas.
英国也进行了农业革命,他们还对商品化的农作物进行投资,使得乡村地区的产量有了很大的提高
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Aluminum is 25 million tons per year for the whole planet.
铝的产量为每年2500万吨,全世界。
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They were engaged in arbor culture; they had fruit trees that produced very well.
他们擅长园艺,他们栽种着大量果树并且产量丰富
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So in the partnership game we put efforts on these axis and now I'm going to put quantities on these axis.
合伙人博弈中横轴表示付出的努力,现在横轴表示的是产量
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Each of them is trying to play a best response for what they anticipate the other person's going to do.
每家公司都想采取预料的对方策略的,最佳对策来制定产量
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So Patrick, our manager of Pepsi believes that Coca-Cola is going to produce this quantity and he's agreed to produce this quantity.
百事的经理帕特里克认为可口可乐,会按照协议产量来生产,他也会这么做
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So what is this? This is Player 2's best response, so Player 1's best response to Player 2 producing half monopoly output.
这是什么,这是参与人2的最佳对策,即参与人1对于2半垄断产量的最佳对策
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It was affected by the major American depressions of 1837, 1857, but not as much as the North.
棉花产量只在两次美国经济大萧条时期,1837年57年受到影响,但损失远不及北方
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Now, in practice, this is not the only problem facing two firms who are trying to produce the monopoly output.
实际上 这并非两个想维持垄断产量的,企业需要面对的唯一问题
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How much quantity would Firm 2 have to produce in order to induce Firm 1 not to produce at all?
公司2的产量达到多少时,公司1会选择停产呢
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Conversely, if Firm 1 shut down and Firm 2 produced its monopoly quantity that would maximize industry profits.
反之公司1停产而公司2生产垄断产量,这样也能最大化行业利润
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So it's going to be pretty difficult for us to sustain this joint monopoly output, this collusive agreement.
因此说想要通过私下协议来,维持垄断产量,是非常困难的
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So we know how prices are set, they're set by the firms, so the next question is where do the quantities come from?
现在我们知道了价格是怎么决定的,它们是由公司决定的,下一个问题是产量怎样得到
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So clearly, if we produce the monopoly quantity, by definition, the monopoly quantity maximizes total industry profits.
显然,根据定义,垄断产量使行业总利润达到最大化
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In practice, when firms try and have these agreements, which are not contracts, to try and produce joint monopoly output, what else goes wrong?
现实中,公司想要达成这样的协议,而非合同,想要维持垄断产量,还会遇到什么问题呢
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So I should cheat and pick the quantity on my best response line that's much farther out so I'll produce more than my quantity.
我会违约选择我最佳对策的产量,我会生产出远远多于协约量的产品来
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If they're not at the competitive output they could undercut price and take the entire market.
如果他们不按照完全竞争产量生产,就可以通过降低价格来抢占市场
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Iron or steel, 800 million tons, almost a billion tons of steel.
铁或钢，每年8亿吨，几乎接近10亿的钢产量。
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So if Firm 2 produces this amount then Firm 1's best response is this amount.
如果公司2的产量是这么多,那么公司1的最佳对策就是这个产量
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It tells me the other way around to look at how prices correspond to quantities, it tells me the quantity demanded at any given price.
它直观的显示出,价格如何与产量对应,即在给定的价格上需求量是多少
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Do you want to tell me what the... where's the monopoly quantity on this picture?
你来说一下,图中哪一点表示垄断产量呢
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Annual production of magnesium is about 600,000 tons per year.
每年的镁产量,大约是六十万吨。
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I'll increase my production then; I'll be pretty close to the Cournot equilibrium.
我会增加产量,会非常接近古诺均衡产量
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I'm sorry, half the monopoly quantity and that would produce this much each.
我说错了,是垄断产量的一半,这样双方都按照这样的协议生产
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The Cournot was competing in quantities and Bertrand is competing in prices.
古诺是在产量上竞争,而伯川德是在价格上竞争
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Four decades in a row the production of American cotton nearly doubled.
美国棉花产量翻倍的传奇,持续了四十年
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So I claim that this total quantity being produced is less than the competitive quantity, but more in total than the monopoly quantity.
我说吧,这种情况下的总产出,比完全竞争产量要少,但比垄断产量要大
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