That ligand was one for which the cell had a receptor that further encouraged it to produce more of the ligand.

对于带有对应受体的细胞来说,这种配体能够刺激细胞产生更多的配体

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What insulin is doing inside your body is acting as a ligand for insulin receptors which stimulate certain kinds of cellular responses.

胰岛素在体内的功能就是作为,胰岛素受体的配体,刺激产生某种细胞效应

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There are sensory neurons, which take information from the world so as you see me, for instance, there are neurons firing from your retina sending signals to your brain.

感觉神经元,负责收集外界信息,比如,当你看到我的时候,视网膜上的神经元会产生神经冲动,将刺激信号传递到你的大脑

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I don't think they were having very good success, but they did notice something interesting which is that the rat kept returning to the corner of the cage in which it was stimulated the day before So Olds got an interesting idea, he said, what if we let the rats stimulate in its own brain, what would happen.

他们的试验并不是非常成功，但他们确实是注意到了一些有趣的事情,老鼠总是会回到,昨天接受刺激的那个箱子的角落,因此奥兹产生了一个有趣的想法，他想，如果我们让老鼠在自己的脑中对自己进行刺激会，发生什么事情。

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And those words mean different things: immunogenic means that it stimulates your immune system for a response; pathogenic means that it causes a disease.

这两个词有不同的意义,免疫效应是指,刺激免疫系统产生免疫应答,致病性意指它能使你患病

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Now, these signals can be either excitatory, which is that they raise the likelihood the neuron will fire, or inhibitory in that they lower the likelihood that the neuron will fire.

这些刺激信号可能是兴奋性的,会增加神经元产生神经冲动可能性,也可能是抑制性的,会降低神经元产生神经冲动的可能性

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But in any event, the vaccine is intended to stimulate the immune system to produce an effector response— either antibodies or specific cells— that can combat spread of the microorganism through your body.

但无论如何,疫苗是通过,刺激免疫系统来使身体产生应答,无论是抗体还是特定的细胞,都可以阻止微生物在体内扩散

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Huxley points out, "How it is that anything so remarkable as a state of consciousness comes about as a result of irritating nervous tissue, is just as unaccountable as the appearance of the Djinn " - of the genie " when Aladdin rubs his lamp."

赫胥黎提出,"刺激人的神经组织,便能产生像意识状态这般奇异之物,这就好比阿拉丁一擦神灯,巨神灵就闪现出来一样魔幻,无法解释

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Now, if I was a person that was designing a vaccine and I noticed that this was the response that it got, that antibodies were produced, they reached some intermediate level, they started to fall, I would say, "Well I haven't stimulated the immune system enough, let me re-boost, let me give another dose of antigen."

现在,如果我正在研究一种疫苗,我注意到机体会对这种疫苗产生应答,也就是会产生抗体,当抗体浓度达到中等水平后,就开始下降,就可以说,疫苗对免疫系统刺激还不足,我需要提高抗原浓度,让我再把剂量再加大一倍

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The antibody that they stimulate is antibody that's specific to this antigen that was presented earlier.

这些由辅助性T细胞,刺激增殖产生的抗体是,对应之前出现的抗原而产生的

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In the case of the helper cells they stimulate a specific population of B-cells to mature into antibody producing cells, and that antibody is generated against the antigen that stimulated it.

以辅助性T细胞为例,辅助性T细胞刺激特定的B细胞,使这些细胞成长为抗体分泌细胞,抗体分泌细胞产生大量的抗体,以消灭大量增殖的抗原

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Now, these Th-cells, helper T-cells, go on to stimulate B-cells, and it's these B-cells that become the mature antibody producing cells that make quantities of antibody that fill up in your body.

这些辅助性T细胞,进一步刺激B淋巴细胞,从而使这些B淋巴细胞,逐渐发育成成熟的抗体生成细胞,可在体内产生大量抗体

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The memory cells, which are stimulated, lead to an IgG response and that's why IgG is the antibody of-- that is produced predominantly after the boost, but there is some IgM produced also.

记忆细胞受到刺激之后,可以诱发分泌IgG的应答反应,这也是为什么IgG,是接种疫苗后产生的主要抗体,与此同时也刺激产生了一些IgM

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So, either stimulates the production of-- and differentiation of B-cells, to produce a specific antibody that can neutralize the virus, or stimulates the production of cytotoxic T-cells that can kill infected cells within your body.

所以,疫苗的刺激要么能够,促进B淋巴细胞产生和分化,以生成特定的抗体来杀灭病毒,要么刺激T细胞释放细胞毒素,杀死身体里被感染的细胞

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